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Ecological risk assessment profile of lake surface sediment using metal(loid)s: a case study, the Boraboy Lake

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 87 - 104, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53447/communc.1260170

Öz

Anthropogenic activities have increasingly threatened aquatic ecosystems with the gradual increase of metalloids in the lake sediment. The profile of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn metal(loid)s that have been investigated in natural Boraboy Lake have been investigated in sediment. Their amounts in the sediment have been found as Mn>Fe>Al>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Co>Pb>As>Mo>Cd. The findings have been analyzed using sediment quality values. The Enrichment Factor, one of the sediment quality values, has indicated that the lake has highly enriched in As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. In addition to that, it has been detected that As, Ni, and Cu together constituted the 67% of the total toxic effect. While the mean value of Cu has been found to be higher than the reference value of the earth's crust at, 58.1±6.8 ppm, the mean values of As and Ni have been found to be lower than the reference value of the earth's crust (9.4±0.7 ppm) and (18.8±12.8 ppm) respectively. As and Cu have been detected above the Threshold Effect Level. Despite all these results, it has been revealed through sediment quality indexes that there is no threatening accumulation in the lake.

Kaynakça

  • Shafie, N.A., Aris, A.Z., Zakaria, M.P., Haris, H., Lim, W.Y., Isa, N.M., Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 48 (2013), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.717810.
  • Looi, L.J., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff, F.M., Isa, N.M., Haris, H., Application of enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and ecological risk index in assessing the elemental pollution status of surface sediments. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(1) (2019), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0149-1.
  • Şimşek, A., Özkoç, H.B., Bakan, G., Environmental, ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments at Samsun-Tekkeköy, North of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2) (2022), 2009-2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15746-w.
  • Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Dereli, M.A., Türkmen, A., Integrated spatial distribution and multivariate statistical analysis for assessment of ecotoxicological and health risks of sediment metal contamination, Ömerli Dam (Istanbul, Turkey). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(6) (2022), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2022.06.004
  • Fikirdeşici-Ergen, Ş., Tekatlı, Ç., Gürbüzer, P., Üçüncü-Tunca, E., Türe, H., Biltekin, D., Kurtuluş, B., Tunca, E., Elemental accumulation in the surficial sediment of Kesikköprü, Çubuk II and Asartepe Dam Lakes (Ankara) and potential sediment toxicity. Chemistry and Ecology, 37(6) (2021), 552-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1902509.
  • Barbieri, M., The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination. Geology & Geophysics, 5(1) (2016), 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000237.
  • Şenol, E., Boraboy Lake (Amasya) and around’s major problems based from recreational use. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 23(39) (2018), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.412503.
  • Turekian, K.K., Wedepohl, K.H., Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72 (1961), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2.
  • Hakanson, L., An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control - a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8) (1980), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Abrahim, G.M.S., Parker, R.J., Nichol, S.L., Distribution and assessment of sediment toxicity in Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Geology, 52(7) (2007), 1315-1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0570-0.
  • Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris C.R., Jeffrey, D.W., Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1-4) (1980), 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780.
  • Hasan, A.B., Kabir, S., Reza, A.S., Zaman, M.N., Ahsan, A., Rashid, M., Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index of trace metals in sediments of the ship breaking area of Sitakund Upazilla (Bhatiary-Kumira), Chittagong, Bangladesh. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 125 (2013), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.12.002.
  • Müller, G., Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2 (1969), 108-118.
  • Carr, S.R., Chapman, D.C., Long, E.R., Windom, H.L., Thursby, G., Sloane, G.M., Wolfe, D.A., Sediment quality assessment studies of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 15(7) (1996), 1218-1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150730.
  • Oldham, V.E., Mucci, A., Tebo, B.M., Luther, G.W., Soluble Mn(III)–L complexes are abundant in oxygenated waters and stabilised by humic ligands. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 199 (2017), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.043.
  • Delfino, J.J., Bortleson, G.C., Lee, G.F., Distribution of Mn, Fe, Mg P, K, Na, and Ca in the surface sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Environmental Science & Technology, 3 (1969), 1189–1192. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60034a006.
  • Neubauer, E., Kohler, S.J., von der Kammer, F., Laudon, H., Hofmann, T., Effect of pH and stream order on iron and arsenic speciation in Boreal Catchments. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(13) (2013), 7120–7128. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401193j.
  • Boyle, J.F., Inorganic geochemical methods in palaeolimnology. In: Tracking environmental change using lake sediments, Springer, Dordrecht, (2002) 83-141.
  • Davison, W., Iron and manganese in lakes. Earth-Science Reviews, 34(2) (1993), 119-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(93)90029-7.
  • Kotowski, M., Saczuk, M., Aluminium in water and soil environment. Ekoinzynieria, 2 (1997), 22–29.
  • Wetzel, R.G., Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press: London, UK, 2001.
  • John, S.G., Park, J.G., Zhang, Z., Boyle, E.A., The isotopic composition of some common forms of anthropogenic zinc. Chemical Geology, 245(1-2), (2007), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.024.
  • Bojakowska, B., Krasuska, J., Copper and other trace elements in sediments of lakes near Konin (Poland). Journal of Elementology, 19(1) (2014), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2014.19.1.589.
  • Varol, M., Şen, B., Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. Catena, 92 (2012), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.011.
  • Rahman, M.S., Ahmed, Z., Seefat, S.M., Alam, R., Islam, A.R.M.T., Choudhury, T.R., Begum, B.A., Idris, A.M., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment at the newly established tannery industrial estate in Bangladesh: a case study. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4 (2022), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.10.001.
  • Kastratović, V., Jaćimović, Ž., Bigović, M., Đurović, D., Krivokapić, S., The distribution and accumulation of chromium in the water, sediment and macrophytes of Skadar lake. Kragujevac Journal of Science, 38 (2016), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci1638125K.
  • Alkan, A., Alkan, N., Aktaş, M., Comparison of Ni enrichment and background concentrations in the Southeastern Black Sea sediments. Environmental Forensics, 22(3-4) (2021), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1850559.
  • Hamilton, E.I., The geobiochemistry of cobalt. Science of The Total Environment, 150(1-3) (1994), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90126-0.
  • Todorović, Z., Polić, P., Đorđević, D., & Antonijević, S., Lead distribution in water and its association with sediment constituents of the" Barje" lake (Leskovac, Yugoslavia). Journal of The Serbian Chemical Society, 66(10) (2001), 697-708.
  • Rahman, Z., Singh, V.P., The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) (VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7) (2019), 419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
  • Masuda, H., Arsenic cycling in the Earth’s crust and hydrosphere: interaction between naturally occurring arsenic and human activities. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5(1) (2018), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0224-3.
  • Kabata –Pendias, A., Mukherjee, A., Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
  • Fu, J., Hu, X., Tao, X., Yu, H., Zhang, X., Risk and toxicity assessments of heavy metals in sediments and fishes from the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake, China. Chemosphere, 93 (2013), 1887–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.061.
  • Rzętała, M.A., Cadmium contamination of sediments in the water reservoirs in Silesian Upland (Southern Poland). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(10) (2016), 2458-2470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1477-3
  • Enuneku, A., Omoruyi, O., Tongo, I., Ogbomida, E., Ogbeide, O., Ezemonye, L., Evaluating the potential health risks of heavy metal pollution in sediment and selected benthic fauna of Benin River, Southern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8(8) (2018), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0873-9.
  • Tunca, E., Aydın, M., Şahin, Ü.A., An ecological risk investigation of marine sediment from the northern Mediterranean coasts (Aegean Sea) using multiple methods of pollution determination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8) (2018), 7487-7503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0984-0.
  • Ali, M.M., Ali, M.L., Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.Z., Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 5 (2016), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.01.002.
  • Gülşen-Rothmund, H.İ., Avşar, Ö., Avşar, U., Kurtuluş, B., Tunca, E., Spatial distribution of some elements and elemental contamination in the sediments of Köyceğiz Lake (SW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(14) (2018), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7724-8.
  • Saha, N., Rahman, M.S., Jolly, Y.N., Rahman, A., Sattar, M.A., Hai, M.A., Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of six heavy metals in soils and their transfer into mature tobacco plants in Kushtia district, Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(4) (2016), 3414–3426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5575-3.
  • Withanachchi, S.S., Ghambashidze, G., Kunchulia, I., Urushadze, T., Ploeger, A., Water quality in surface water: a preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination of the Mashavera River, Georgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4) (2018), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040621.
  • Seifi, M., Mahvi, A.H., Hashemi, S.Y., Arfaeinia, H., Pasalari, H., Zarei, A., Changani, F., Spatial distribution, enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments near urban and industrial areas in the Persian Gulf. Desalination and Water Treatment, 158 (2019), 130-139.
  • Caeiro, S., Costa, M.H., Ramos, T.B., Assessing heavy metal contamination in sado estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecological Indicators, 5 (2005), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.02.001.
  • Islam, M.A., Romic, M.A., and Romic, M., Trace metals Accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40 (2017), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9907-8.
  • Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., Tokatli, C., Islam, M.S., Ecotoxicological risk assessment for sediments of Çavuşlu Stream in Giresun, Turkey: association between garbage disposal facility and metallic accumulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12) (2022), 17223-17240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17023-2.
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 87 - 104, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53447/communc.1260170

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Shafie, N.A., Aris, A.Z., Zakaria, M.P., Haris, H., Lim, W.Y., Isa, N.M., Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 48 (2013), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.717810.
  • Looi, L.J., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff, F.M., Isa, N.M., Haris, H., Application of enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and ecological risk index in assessing the elemental pollution status of surface sediments. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(1) (2019), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0149-1.
  • Şimşek, A., Özkoç, H.B., Bakan, G., Environmental, ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments at Samsun-Tekkeköy, North of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2) (2022), 2009-2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15746-w.
  • Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Dereli, M.A., Türkmen, A., Integrated spatial distribution and multivariate statistical analysis for assessment of ecotoxicological and health risks of sediment metal contamination, Ömerli Dam (Istanbul, Turkey). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(6) (2022), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2022.06.004
  • Fikirdeşici-Ergen, Ş., Tekatlı, Ç., Gürbüzer, P., Üçüncü-Tunca, E., Türe, H., Biltekin, D., Kurtuluş, B., Tunca, E., Elemental accumulation in the surficial sediment of Kesikköprü, Çubuk II and Asartepe Dam Lakes (Ankara) and potential sediment toxicity. Chemistry and Ecology, 37(6) (2021), 552-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1902509.
  • Barbieri, M., The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination. Geology & Geophysics, 5(1) (2016), 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000237.
  • Şenol, E., Boraboy Lake (Amasya) and around’s major problems based from recreational use. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 23(39) (2018), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.412503.
  • Turekian, K.K., Wedepohl, K.H., Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72 (1961), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2.
  • Hakanson, L., An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control - a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8) (1980), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Abrahim, G.M.S., Parker, R.J., Nichol, S.L., Distribution and assessment of sediment toxicity in Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Geology, 52(7) (2007), 1315-1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0570-0.
  • Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris C.R., Jeffrey, D.W., Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1-4) (1980), 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780.
  • Hasan, A.B., Kabir, S., Reza, A.S., Zaman, M.N., Ahsan, A., Rashid, M., Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index of trace metals in sediments of the ship breaking area of Sitakund Upazilla (Bhatiary-Kumira), Chittagong, Bangladesh. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 125 (2013), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.12.002.
  • Müller, G., Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2 (1969), 108-118.
  • Carr, S.R., Chapman, D.C., Long, E.R., Windom, H.L., Thursby, G., Sloane, G.M., Wolfe, D.A., Sediment quality assessment studies of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 15(7) (1996), 1218-1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150730.
  • Oldham, V.E., Mucci, A., Tebo, B.M., Luther, G.W., Soluble Mn(III)–L complexes are abundant in oxygenated waters and stabilised by humic ligands. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 199 (2017), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.043.
  • Delfino, J.J., Bortleson, G.C., Lee, G.F., Distribution of Mn, Fe, Mg P, K, Na, and Ca in the surface sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Environmental Science & Technology, 3 (1969), 1189–1192. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60034a006.
  • Neubauer, E., Kohler, S.J., von der Kammer, F., Laudon, H., Hofmann, T., Effect of pH and stream order on iron and arsenic speciation in Boreal Catchments. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(13) (2013), 7120–7128. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401193j.
  • Boyle, J.F., Inorganic geochemical methods in palaeolimnology. In: Tracking environmental change using lake sediments, Springer, Dordrecht, (2002) 83-141.
  • Davison, W., Iron and manganese in lakes. Earth-Science Reviews, 34(2) (1993), 119-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(93)90029-7.
  • Kotowski, M., Saczuk, M., Aluminium in water and soil environment. Ekoinzynieria, 2 (1997), 22–29.
  • Wetzel, R.G., Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press: London, UK, 2001.
  • John, S.G., Park, J.G., Zhang, Z., Boyle, E.A., The isotopic composition of some common forms of anthropogenic zinc. Chemical Geology, 245(1-2), (2007), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.024.
  • Bojakowska, B., Krasuska, J., Copper and other trace elements in sediments of lakes near Konin (Poland). Journal of Elementology, 19(1) (2014), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2014.19.1.589.
  • Varol, M., Şen, B., Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. Catena, 92 (2012), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.011.
  • Rahman, M.S., Ahmed, Z., Seefat, S.M., Alam, R., Islam, A.R.M.T., Choudhury, T.R., Begum, B.A., Idris, A.M., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment at the newly established tannery industrial estate in Bangladesh: a case study. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4 (2022), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.10.001.
  • Kastratović, V., Jaćimović, Ž., Bigović, M., Đurović, D., Krivokapić, S., The distribution and accumulation of chromium in the water, sediment and macrophytes of Skadar lake. Kragujevac Journal of Science, 38 (2016), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci1638125K.
  • Alkan, A., Alkan, N., Aktaş, M., Comparison of Ni enrichment and background concentrations in the Southeastern Black Sea sediments. Environmental Forensics, 22(3-4) (2021), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1850559.
  • Hamilton, E.I., The geobiochemistry of cobalt. Science of The Total Environment, 150(1-3) (1994), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90126-0.
  • Todorović, Z., Polić, P., Đorđević, D., & Antonijević, S., Lead distribution in water and its association with sediment constituents of the" Barje" lake (Leskovac, Yugoslavia). Journal of The Serbian Chemical Society, 66(10) (2001), 697-708.
  • Rahman, Z., Singh, V.P., The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) (VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7) (2019), 419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
  • Masuda, H., Arsenic cycling in the Earth’s crust and hydrosphere: interaction between naturally occurring arsenic and human activities. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5(1) (2018), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0224-3.
  • Kabata –Pendias, A., Mukherjee, A., Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
  • Fu, J., Hu, X., Tao, X., Yu, H., Zhang, X., Risk and toxicity assessments of heavy metals in sediments and fishes from the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake, China. Chemosphere, 93 (2013), 1887–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.061.
  • Rzętała, M.A., Cadmium contamination of sediments in the water reservoirs in Silesian Upland (Southern Poland). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(10) (2016), 2458-2470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1477-3
  • Enuneku, A., Omoruyi, O., Tongo, I., Ogbomida, E., Ogbeide, O., Ezemonye, L., Evaluating the potential health risks of heavy metal pollution in sediment and selected benthic fauna of Benin River, Southern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8(8) (2018), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0873-9.
  • Tunca, E., Aydın, M., Şahin, Ü.A., An ecological risk investigation of marine sediment from the northern Mediterranean coasts (Aegean Sea) using multiple methods of pollution determination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8) (2018), 7487-7503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0984-0.
  • Ali, M.M., Ali, M.L., Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.Z., Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 5 (2016), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.01.002.
  • Gülşen-Rothmund, H.İ., Avşar, Ö., Avşar, U., Kurtuluş, B., Tunca, E., Spatial distribution of some elements and elemental contamination in the sediments of Köyceğiz Lake (SW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(14) (2018), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7724-8.
  • Saha, N., Rahman, M.S., Jolly, Y.N., Rahman, A., Sattar, M.A., Hai, M.A., Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of six heavy metals in soils and their transfer into mature tobacco plants in Kushtia district, Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(4) (2016), 3414–3426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5575-3.
  • Withanachchi, S.S., Ghambashidze, G., Kunchulia, I., Urushadze, T., Ploeger, A., Water quality in surface water: a preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination of the Mashavera River, Georgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4) (2018), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040621.
  • Seifi, M., Mahvi, A.H., Hashemi, S.Y., Arfaeinia, H., Pasalari, H., Zarei, A., Changani, F., Spatial distribution, enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments near urban and industrial areas in the Persian Gulf. Desalination and Water Treatment, 158 (2019), 130-139.
  • Caeiro, S., Costa, M.H., Ramos, T.B., Assessing heavy metal contamination in sado estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecological Indicators, 5 (2005), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.02.001.
  • Islam, M.A., Romic, M.A., and Romic, M., Trace metals Accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40 (2017), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9907-8.
  • Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., Tokatli, C., Islam, M.S., Ecotoxicological risk assessment for sediments of Çavuşlu Stream in Giresun, Turkey: association between garbage disposal facility and metallic accumulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12) (2022), 17223-17240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17023-2.
  • Algül, F., Beyhan, M., Concentrations and sources of heavy metals in shallow sediments in Lake Bafa, Turkey. Scientific Reports, 10(1) (2020), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68833-2.
  • Varol, M., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195 (2011), 355- 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.051.
  • Sojka, M., Jaskuła, J., Barabach, J., Ptak, M., Zhu, S., Heavy metals in lake surface sediments in protected areas in Poland: concentration, pollution, ecological risk, sources and spatial distribution. Scientific Reports, 12(1) (2022), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19298-y.
  • Redwan, M., Elhaddad, E., Heavy metal pollution in Manzala Lake sediments, Egypt: sources, variability, and assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(6) (2022), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10081-0.
  • Singh, H., Pandey, R., Singh, S.K., Shukla, D.N., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the River Ghaghara, a major tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India. Applied Water Science, 7(7) (2017), 4133-4149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0572-y.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Şeyda Ergen 0000-0002-4623-1256

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C-Biology.

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