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A Study on Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Cancer Activities of Gingko biloba L.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 99 - 106, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1322069

Öz

The study aims to investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and anti-cancer activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf methanol extract. In this study, the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of G. biloba leaf methanol extract were investigated. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities [against HT-29 (human colon cancer line), HeLa (human cervical cancer line), and HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney cell line)] were assayed. The main phytochemical compounds were identified as gallic (0.94±0.01 mg/g), p-hydroxy benzoic (0.71±0.01 mg/g), and protocatechuic (0.60±0.02 mg/g) acids in G. biloba leaf methanol extract by HPLC. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were measured as 71.20±0.42 µg GAE/mg extract and 13.24±0.35 µg QE/mg extract, respectively. The high antioxidant activity was found in ABTS•+ assay (89.04±0.71%) while moderate antioxidant activity was observed in DPPH• (43.31±0.75%), metal chelating (49.04±0.49%), CUPRAC (absorbance: 0.85±0.01), and phosphomolybdenum (absorbance: 1.16±0.02) assays at 400 µg/mL. The IC50 values of G. biloba leaf methanol extract on HT-29, HeLa, and HEK-293 cell lines were recorded as 406.70±1.55, 84.86±0.98, and >800 µg/mL, respectively. The present study features a new addition to the antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of the therapeutically valuable G. biloba with its phytochemical content.

Kaynakça

  • Abedi, F., Razavi, B.M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2020). A review on gentisic acid as a plant derived phenolic acid and metabolite of aspirin: Comprehensive pharmacology, toxicology, and some pharmaceutical aspects. Phytotherapy Research, 34(4), 729-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6573
  • Akyildiz, I.E., Raday, S., Erdem, O., Acar, S., Coskun, I., & Damarli, E. (2021). Analytical investigation of active compound contents of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements fortified with apitherapy products. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 8, 70-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.832424
  • Alzahrani, S.M., Al Doghaither, H.A., & Al‑Ghafari, A.B. (2021). General insight into cancer: An overview of colorectal cancer (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 15, 271. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2021.2433
  • Aybastier, Ö. (2020). Determination of antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba in different forms. European Journal of Science and Technology, 18, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.680343.
  • Azeem, M., Hanif, M., Mahmood, K., Ameer, N., Chughtai, F.R.S., & Abid, U. (2023). An insight into anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin: A review. Polymer Bulletin, 80, 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04091-8
  • Bach, F., Zielinski, A.A.F., Helm, C.V., Maciel, G.M., Pedro, A.C., Stafussa, A.P., … & Haminiuk, C.W.I. (2019). Bio compounds of edible mushrooms: in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 107, 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.017
  • Baranwal, A., Aggarwal, P., Rai, A., & Kumar, N. (2022). Pharmacological actions and underlying mechanisms of catechin: A review. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 821-833, https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557521666210902162120
  • Barbalho, S.M., Direito, R., Laurindo, L.F., Marton, L.T., Guiguer, E.L., Goulart, R.A., … & Araujo, A.C. (2022). Ginkgo biloba in the aging process: a narrative review. Antioxidants, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030525
  • Brondino, N., De Silvestri, A., Re, S., Lanati, N., Thiemann, P., Verna, A., … & Politi, P. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: From ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 915691. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/915691
  • Burmeister, C.A., Khan, S.F., Schäfer, G., Mbatani, N., Adams, T., Moodley, J., & Prince, S. (2022). Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Research, 13, 200238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238
  • Çayan, F., Tel-Çayan, G., Deveci, E., Öztürk, M., & Duru, M.E. (2019). Chemical profile, in vitro enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant properties of Stereum species (Agaricomycetes) from Turkey. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 21(11), 1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019032893.
  • Chen, X.H., Miao, Y.X., Wang, X.J., Yu, Z., Geng, M.Y., Han, Y.T., & Wang, L.X. (2011). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cellular Physiology & Biochemistry, 27(3-4), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327948.
  • Demir, T., & Akpınar, Ö. (2020). Biological activities of phytochemicals in plants. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(8), 1734-1746.
  • El-Beltagi, H.S., & Badawi, M.H. (2013). Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for Ginkgo biloba and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Egypt. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(1), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118928
  • Hossain, M.S., Karuniawati, H., Jairoun, A.A., Urbi, Z., Ooi, D.J., John, A., … & Hadi, M.A. (2022). Colorectal cancer: A review of carcinogenesis, global epidemiology, current challenges, risk factors, preventive and treatment strategies. Cancers (Basel), 14(7), 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071732
  • Hu, W.H., Chan, G.K.L., Duan, R., Wang, H.Y., Kong, X.P., Dong, T.T.X., & Tsim, K.W.K. (2019). Synergy of ginkgetin and resveratrol in suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis: A therapy in treating colorectal cancer. Cancers, 11(12), 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121828
  • Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S.M., Reis, R.M., … & Dlamini, Z. (2020). Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 20(3), 2058-2074. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11754
  • Jain, H. (2015). The medicinal value and the numerous sources of vitamin c-a review. Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, 2(4), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2015.02.00061.
  • Kakkar, S., & Bais, S. (2014). A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 952943. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/952943
  • Karabulut, G., & Yemiş, O. (2019). Bound forms of phenolic compounds and their bioavailability. Akademik Gıda, 17(4), 526-537. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.667270
  • Kaur, P., Chaudhary, A., Singh, B., & Gopichand. (2012). An efficient microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba. Natural Product Communications, 7, 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700222
  • Kim, S.H., & Yim, S.H. (2022). Effects of bilobol from the fruit pulp of Ginkgo biloba on cell viability. Food Science and Technology, 42, e57522. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.57522.
  • Kiokias, S., Proestos, C., & Oreopoulou, V. (2020). Phenolic acids of plant origin-a review on their antioxidant activity in vitro (O/W emulsion systems) along with their in vivo health biochemical properties. Foods, 9(4), 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040534
  • Klomsakul, P., Aiumsubtub, A., & Chalopagorn, P. (2022). Evaluation of antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba tea extract. The Scientific World Journal, 2022, 4806889. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4806889.
  • Kobus, J., Flaczyk, E., Siger, A., Nogala-Kalucka, M., Korczak, J., & Pegg, R.B. (2009). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ginkgo leaves. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111, 1150-1160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800299
  • Les, F., Casedas, G., & Lopez, V. (2021). Bioactivity of medicinal plants and extracts. Biology, 10, 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070634.
  • Li, L., Zhang, M.X., Wang, X.Y., Yang, Y.L., Gong, X., Wang, C.C., … & Li, M.H. (2021). Assessment of components of Gingko biloba leaves collected from different regions of China that contribute to its antioxidant effects for improved quality monitoring. Food Sciences and Technology (Campinas), 41(Suppl.2), 676-683. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.33620
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Gingko biloba L.’nın Fitokimyasal Bileşimi, Antioksidan ve Anti-Kanser Aktiviteleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 99 - 106, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1322069

Öz

Çalışma, Ginkgo biloba L. yaprak metanol ekstresinin fitokimyasal bileşimini, antioksidan potansiyelini ve anti-kanser aktivitesini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, G. biloba yaprağından elde edilen metanol ekstresinin fitokimyasal bileşikleri, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, antioksidan ve anti-kanser [HT-29 (insan kolon kanseri hücre hattı), HeLa (insan rahim ağzı kanseri hücre hattı) ve HEK-293 (insan embriyonik böbrek hücre hattı)] aktiviteleri test edilmiştir. G. biloba yaprak metanol ekstresinin başlıca fitokimyasal bileşikleri HPLC ile gallik asit (0.94±0.01 mg/g), p-hidroksi benzoik asit (0.71±0.01 mg/g) ve protokateşik asit (0.60±0.02 mg/g) olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid içerikleri sırasıyla 71.20±0.42 µg GAE/mg ekstre ve 13.24±0.35 µg QE/mg ekstre olarak ölçülmüştür. 400 µg/mL’de ABTS•+ yönteminde yüksek antioksidan aktivite (%89.04±0.71) belirlenirken, DPPH• (%43.31±0.75), metal kelatlama (%49.04±0.49), CUPRAC (absorbans: 0.85±0.01) ve fosfomolibden (absorbans: 1.16±0.02) yöntemlerinde orta derecede antioksidan aktivite gözlenmiştir. G. biloba yaprak metanol ekstresinin HT-29, HeLa ve HEK-293 hücre hatlarındaki IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 406.70±1.55, 84.86±0.98 ve >800 µg/mL olarak kaydedilmiştir. Bu çalışma, fitokimyasal içeriği ile terapötik açıdan değerli G. biloba’nın antioksidan ve anti-kanser özelliklerine yeni bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abedi, F., Razavi, B.M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2020). A review on gentisic acid as a plant derived phenolic acid and metabolite of aspirin: Comprehensive pharmacology, toxicology, and some pharmaceutical aspects. Phytotherapy Research, 34(4), 729-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6573
  • Akyildiz, I.E., Raday, S., Erdem, O., Acar, S., Coskun, I., & Damarli, E. (2021). Analytical investigation of active compound contents of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements fortified with apitherapy products. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 8, 70-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.832424
  • Alzahrani, S.M., Al Doghaither, H.A., & Al‑Ghafari, A.B. (2021). General insight into cancer: An overview of colorectal cancer (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 15, 271. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2021.2433
  • Aybastier, Ö. (2020). Determination of antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba in different forms. European Journal of Science and Technology, 18, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.680343.
  • Azeem, M., Hanif, M., Mahmood, K., Ameer, N., Chughtai, F.R.S., & Abid, U. (2023). An insight into anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin: A review. Polymer Bulletin, 80, 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04091-8
  • Bach, F., Zielinski, A.A.F., Helm, C.V., Maciel, G.M., Pedro, A.C., Stafussa, A.P., … & Haminiuk, C.W.I. (2019). Bio compounds of edible mushrooms: in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 107, 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.017
  • Baranwal, A., Aggarwal, P., Rai, A., & Kumar, N. (2022). Pharmacological actions and underlying mechanisms of catechin: A review. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 821-833, https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557521666210902162120
  • Barbalho, S.M., Direito, R., Laurindo, L.F., Marton, L.T., Guiguer, E.L., Goulart, R.A., … & Araujo, A.C. (2022). Ginkgo biloba in the aging process: a narrative review. Antioxidants, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030525
  • Brondino, N., De Silvestri, A., Re, S., Lanati, N., Thiemann, P., Verna, A., … & Politi, P. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: From ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 915691. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/915691
  • Burmeister, C.A., Khan, S.F., Schäfer, G., Mbatani, N., Adams, T., Moodley, J., & Prince, S. (2022). Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Research, 13, 200238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238
  • Çayan, F., Tel-Çayan, G., Deveci, E., Öztürk, M., & Duru, M.E. (2019). Chemical profile, in vitro enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant properties of Stereum species (Agaricomycetes) from Turkey. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 21(11), 1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019032893.
  • Chen, X.H., Miao, Y.X., Wang, X.J., Yu, Z., Geng, M.Y., Han, Y.T., & Wang, L.X. (2011). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cellular Physiology & Biochemistry, 27(3-4), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327948.
  • Demir, T., & Akpınar, Ö. (2020). Biological activities of phytochemicals in plants. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(8), 1734-1746.
  • El-Beltagi, H.S., & Badawi, M.H. (2013). Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for Ginkgo biloba and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Egypt. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(1), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118928
  • Hossain, M.S., Karuniawati, H., Jairoun, A.A., Urbi, Z., Ooi, D.J., John, A., … & Hadi, M.A. (2022). Colorectal cancer: A review of carcinogenesis, global epidemiology, current challenges, risk factors, preventive and treatment strategies. Cancers (Basel), 14(7), 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071732
  • Hu, W.H., Chan, G.K.L., Duan, R., Wang, H.Y., Kong, X.P., Dong, T.T.X., & Tsim, K.W.K. (2019). Synergy of ginkgetin and resveratrol in suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis: A therapy in treating colorectal cancer. Cancers, 11(12), 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121828
  • Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S.M., Reis, R.M., … & Dlamini, Z. (2020). Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 20(3), 2058-2074. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11754
  • Jain, H. (2015). The medicinal value and the numerous sources of vitamin c-a review. Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, 2(4), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2015.02.00061.
  • Kakkar, S., & Bais, S. (2014). A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 952943. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/952943
  • Karabulut, G., & Yemiş, O. (2019). Bound forms of phenolic compounds and their bioavailability. Akademik Gıda, 17(4), 526-537. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.667270
  • Kaur, P., Chaudhary, A., Singh, B., & Gopichand. (2012). An efficient microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba. Natural Product Communications, 7, 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700222
  • Kim, S.H., & Yim, S.H. (2022). Effects of bilobol from the fruit pulp of Ginkgo biloba on cell viability. Food Science and Technology, 42, e57522. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.57522.
  • Kiokias, S., Proestos, C., & Oreopoulou, V. (2020). Phenolic acids of plant origin-a review on their antioxidant activity in vitro (O/W emulsion systems) along with their in vivo health biochemical properties. Foods, 9(4), 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040534
  • Klomsakul, P., Aiumsubtub, A., & Chalopagorn, P. (2022). Evaluation of antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba tea extract. The Scientific World Journal, 2022, 4806889. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4806889.
  • Kobus, J., Flaczyk, E., Siger, A., Nogala-Kalucka, M., Korczak, J., & Pegg, R.B. (2009). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ginkgo leaves. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111, 1150-1160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800299
  • Les, F., Casedas, G., & Lopez, V. (2021). Bioactivity of medicinal plants and extracts. Biology, 10, 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070634.
  • Li, L., Zhang, M.X., Wang, X.Y., Yang, Y.L., Gong, X., Wang, C.C., … & Li, M.H. (2021). Assessment of components of Gingko biloba leaves collected from different regions of China that contribute to its antioxidant effects for improved quality monitoring. Food Sciences and Technology (Campinas), 41(Suppl.2), 676-683. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.33620
  • Li, M., Li, B., Xia, Z.M., Tian, Y., Zhang, D., Rui, W.R., … & Xiao, F.J. (2019). Anticancer effects of five biflavonoids from Ginkgo biloba L. male flowers in vitro. Molecules, 24, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081496
  • Lin, X., Wang, G., Liu, P., Han, L., Wang, T., Chen, K., & Gao, Y. (2021). Gallic acid suppresses colon cancer proliferation by inhibiting SRC and EGFR phosphorylation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(6), 638. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10070
  • Liu, Y., Yang, B., Zhang, L., Cong, X., Liu, Z., Hu, Y., & Hu, H. (2018). Ginkgolic acid induces interplay between apoptosis and autophagy regulated by ROS generation in colon cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 498, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.091
  • Malik, A., Khatkar, A., & Kakkar, S. (2023). A review on pharmacological activities of vanillic acid and its derivatives. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13, 1-12.
  • Maltas, E., Vural, H.C., & Yildiz, S. (2011). Antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of Ginkgo biloba from Turkey. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35(3), 803-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00418.x
  • Manuja, R., Sachdeva, S., Jain, A., & Chaudhary, J. (2013). A comprehensive review on biological activities of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and its derivatives. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 22(2), 109-115.
  • Munteanu, I.G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
  • Pang, S.S., Murphy, M., & Markham, M.J. (2022). Current management of locally advanced and metastatic cervical cancer in the United States. JCO Oncology Practice, 18, 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.21.00795
  • Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Ikegaki, M., & Contado, J.L. (1997). Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 40, 97-106.
  • Pereira, E., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2013). Chemical characterization of Ginkgo biloba L. and antioxidant properties of its extracts and dietary supplements. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 244-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.011.
  • Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
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  • Shu, P., Sun, M., Li, J., Zhang, L., & Xu, H. (2020). Chemical constituents from Ginkgo biloba leaves and their cytotoxicity activity. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01359-8.
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  • Wang, Y., Li, X., Lv, H., Sun, L., Liu, B., Zhang, X., & Xu, X. (2023). Therapeutic potential of naringin in improving the survival rate of skin flap: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1128147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1128147
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  • Yılmaz, B. (2022). Release of nifedipine, furosemide, and niclosamide drugs from the biocompatible poly (HEMA) hydrogel structures. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 46(5), 1710-1722. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0527.3474
  • You, B.R, Moon, H.J., Han, Y.H., & Park, W.H. (2010). Gallic acid inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells via apoptosis and/or necrosis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(5), 1334-1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.034
  • Zhang, L.X., Li, C.X., Kakar, M.U., Khan, M.S., Wu, P.F., Amir, R.M., … & Li, J.H. (2021). Resveratrol (RV): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 143, 112164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112164
  • Zheng, W., & Wang, S.Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 5165-5170. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010697n
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bitki Biyokimyası
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ebru Deveci 0000-0002-2597-9898

Bahar Yılmaz 0000-0002-6315-3018

Gülsen Tel-çayan 0000-0002-1916-7391

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Deveci, E., Yılmaz, B., & Tel-çayan, G. (2023). A Study on Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Cancer Activities of Gingko biloba L. Commagene Journal of Biology, 7(2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1322069
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