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Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Şeriflik Kurumunun Gelişimine Dair Mukayeseli Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 2 - 18, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30804/cesmicihan.1030683

Öz

Çalışmamızda, İngilizce konuşulan birçok ülkede görülen şeriflik kurumunun Orta Çağ İngiltere’sindeki kökenleri ve gelişim süreci araştırılmıştır. Bunun için kurumun Anglo-Sakson krallıkları döneminden itibaren oluşumu incelenmiş, devamında yetkilerinin genişlemesi ve daralması ele alınmıştır. Şerifliğin, gerefa, reeve, kont, vikont, aldermen gibi muhtelif görevlilerle ilişkisi, onların taşrada, asayiş, yargı ve yürütme erkelerine sahip olma süreçleri, sonrasında da zamanla bu yetkilerindeki daralmaları incelenmiştir. Özellikle mali konularda kralın işini kolaylaştırmakla birlikte yine aynı hususlarda muhtelif sorunların çıkmasına sebep olan kişiler oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan kralın taşradaki merkezileştirme aracı olarak soylu sınıfının tepkisini çekmeleri ve reform çalışmalarının çoğunda onlarla ilgili maddelerin yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bütün bu değerlendirmeler için Henry of Huntingdon ve Roger of Howden gibi dönem kaynaklarından bazı örneklerle birlikte; William Stubbs, F. W. Maitland, William A. Morris, Judith Green ve Keith Feiling başta olmak üzere bu alanda önemli çalışmalar yapmış modern araştırmacılardan istifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca şeriflik ile benzer fonksiyonlara sahip olan Kıta’daki vikont ve İslam dünyasındaki kadılık kurumlarıyla kıyaslamalarda bulunulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda kadılıkla ilgili Nizamü'l-Mülk ve İmam Maverdi’nin bazı değerlendirmeleri nakledilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Başta sayın editör olmak üzere dergide emeği geçen herkese teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Amt, Emilie, “The Reputation of the Sheriff 1100-1216”, The Haskıns Society Journal Studies in Medieval History 8, Edit. C. P. Lewis, Emma Cownie, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1996.
  • Angelucci, Charles,- Meraglia, Simone,- Voigtländer, Nico, “The Medieval Roots of Inclusive Institutions: From the Norman Conquest of England to the Great Reform Act”, PIEP Conference Research Group on Political Institutions and Economic Policy, (December 2017).
  • Atar, Fahrettin, “Kadı”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 24: 66-69, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2001.
  • Barratt, Nick, “Finance and the Economy in the Reign of Henry II”, Henry II: New Interpretations, Edit. Christopher Harper-Bill and Nicholas Vincent. 242-256, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2007.
  • Bartlett, Robert, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
  • Cam, Helen M, Liberties & communities in medieval England, London: Merlin Press, 1963.
  • Cam, Helen M., Local Government in Francia and England, London: University of London Press, Ltd., 1912.
  • Chadwick, H. Munro, Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions, New York: Russell & Russell Inc, 1963.
  • Coss, Peter, “An age of deference”, A Social History of England, 1200-1500, Edit. Rosemary Horrox, W. Mark Ormrod. 31-73, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Dinç, Emine Nurefşan, “Murâbıtlar Devleti’nde Fukahanın Konumu”, Tekirdağ İlahiyat Dergisi, c. 5, s. 2, (Aralık 2019): 871-910.
  • Du Chaillu, Paul B., Viking Ages I, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890.
  • Feiling, Keith, A History of England, Norwich: Fletcher and Son Ltd., 1948.
  • Genç, Mehmet, “İltizam”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 22: 154-158, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2000, ss..
  • Gorski, Richard Christopher, The Fourteenth-Century Sheriff: English Local Administration in the Late Middle Ages, Being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of Hull, 1999.
  • Green, Judith A., The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Green, Judith, “King Henry I and Northern England”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. 17, (2007): 35-55.
  • Green, Judith, “The Sheriffs Of William The Conqueror”, Anglo-Norman Studies V, Edit. R. Allen Brown, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1983.
  • Hamilton, J. S., The Plantagenets, London: Continuum, 2010.
  • Harris, Brian E., “King John and the Sheriff’s Farms”, The English Historical Review, Vol. 79, No. 312, (July 1964): 532-542.
  • Haskins, C. H., “Normandy under William the Conqueror”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, (April 1909): 453- 476.
  • Henry of Huntingdon, Chronicle, Trans. Thomas Forester, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.
  • https://converterin.com/area/square-kilometer-km2-to-hide.html
  • İmam Maverdi, El Ahkamu’s-Sultaniyye, çev. Ali Şafak, İstanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1976.
  • Kemble, John Mitchell, Saxons in England II, Longman, Brown, London: Green, and Longmans, 1849.
  • Maitland, F. W., The Constitutional History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909.
  • Masschaele, James, Jury, State, and Society in Medieval England, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Miller, Sean, “Hundreds”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo, Edit. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2014.
  • Morris, William A., “The Office of Sheriff in the Anglo-Saxon Period”, The English Historical Review , Vol. 31, No. 121, (January 1916): 20-40.
  • Morris, William A., “The Office of Sheriff in the Early Norman Period”, The English Historical Review , Vol. 33, No. 130, (April 1918): 145-175.
  • Nizamu'l-Mulk, Siyasetname, çev. Mehmet Taha Ayar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2018.
  • Özer, Gülnur; “Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Özgür bir Okçu: Robin Hood”, Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, c.2, S.2, (Aralık 2019): 248-263.
  • Roger of Howden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden I, Trans. Henry T. Riley, London, 1853.
  • Salzman, L.F., Henry II, London: Constable and Company, 1917.
  • Schlight, John, Henry II Plantagenet, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1973.
  • Stafford, Pauline, “Reeve”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo, Edit. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford, 2014.
  • Stenton, Frank Merry, William the Conqueror, New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908.
  • Stone, A. P., History of England, Boston: Thompson and Brown Company, 1883.
  • Stubbs, William, Select Charters and Other Illustrations Of English Constitutional History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
  • Stubbs, William, The Constitutional History Of England I, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1926.
  • Stubbs, William, The Constitutional History Of England II, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Tarifci, Sinan, “Büyük Selçuklular Devrinde Kadıların Maaşları, Gelir Kaynakları ve Maddî Durumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Akademik Bakış, Cilt 14, Sayı 28, (Yaz 2021): 249-265.
  • The Oxford English Dictionary Vol VII, Edit. R. W. Burchfield, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Walker, Simon, “Order and law”, A Social History of England, 1200-1500, Edit. Rosemary Horrox, W. Mark Ormrod, 91-112, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Warren, Wilfred Lewis, Henry II, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973.
  • White, Albert Beebe, Self-government at the King’s Command, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1974.
  • Wilkinson, Louise J., “Women as Sheriffs in Early Thirteenth Century England”, English Government in the Thirteenth Century, Edit. Adrian Jobson, 111-124, The Boydell Press, London, 2004.
  • Williams, Ann, Kingship and Government in pre-Conquest England c.500-1066, London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1999.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Development of the Sheriff's Office in Medieval England

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 2 - 18, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30804/cesmicihan.1030683

Öz

In our study, the origins and development process of the sheriff's office in Medieval England, which is seen in many English-speaking countries, has been investigated. For this purpose, the formation of the institution from the period of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms has been studied. Afterwards, the expansion and contraction of its powers were discussed. The relationship of the sheriff's office with various officials such as gerefa, reeve, count, viscount, aldermen has been analyzed. In addition, their processes of having security, judicial and executive powers in the provinces, and then their loss of some of these powers were examined. It has been determined that they cause some problems, especially in financial matters, while making the king's job facilitate. On the other hand, they drew the reaction of the noble class as a means of centralizing the king in the provinces. For this reason, it has been seen that most of the reform studies include provision related to them. For all these evaluations, some examples from period sources such as Henry of Huntingdon and Roger of Howden were used. Afterwards, modern researchers who made important studies in this field, especially William Stubbs, F. W. Maitland, William A. Morris, Judith Green and Keith Feiling, were used. In addition, comparisons were made with the viscount in the Continent, which has similar functions with the sheriff, and the kadi in the Islamic world. For this purpose, some of the opinions of Nizamü'l-Mülk and Imam Maverdi on the institution of kadi have been conveyed.

Kaynakça

  • Amt, Emilie, “The Reputation of the Sheriff 1100-1216”, The Haskıns Society Journal Studies in Medieval History 8, Edit. C. P. Lewis, Emma Cownie, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1996.
  • Angelucci, Charles,- Meraglia, Simone,- Voigtländer, Nico, “The Medieval Roots of Inclusive Institutions: From the Norman Conquest of England to the Great Reform Act”, PIEP Conference Research Group on Political Institutions and Economic Policy, (December 2017).
  • Atar, Fahrettin, “Kadı”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 24: 66-69, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2001.
  • Barratt, Nick, “Finance and the Economy in the Reign of Henry II”, Henry II: New Interpretations, Edit. Christopher Harper-Bill and Nicholas Vincent. 242-256, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2007.
  • Bartlett, Robert, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
  • Cam, Helen M, Liberties & communities in medieval England, London: Merlin Press, 1963.
  • Cam, Helen M., Local Government in Francia and England, London: University of London Press, Ltd., 1912.
  • Chadwick, H. Munro, Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions, New York: Russell & Russell Inc, 1963.
  • Coss, Peter, “An age of deference”, A Social History of England, 1200-1500, Edit. Rosemary Horrox, W. Mark Ormrod. 31-73, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Dinç, Emine Nurefşan, “Murâbıtlar Devleti’nde Fukahanın Konumu”, Tekirdağ İlahiyat Dergisi, c. 5, s. 2, (Aralık 2019): 871-910.
  • Du Chaillu, Paul B., Viking Ages I, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890.
  • Feiling, Keith, A History of England, Norwich: Fletcher and Son Ltd., 1948.
  • Genç, Mehmet, “İltizam”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 22: 154-158, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2000, ss..
  • Gorski, Richard Christopher, The Fourteenth-Century Sheriff: English Local Administration in the Late Middle Ages, Being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of Hull, 1999.
  • Green, Judith A., The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Green, Judith, “King Henry I and Northern England”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. 17, (2007): 35-55.
  • Green, Judith, “The Sheriffs Of William The Conqueror”, Anglo-Norman Studies V, Edit. R. Allen Brown, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1983.
  • Hamilton, J. S., The Plantagenets, London: Continuum, 2010.
  • Harris, Brian E., “King John and the Sheriff’s Farms”, The English Historical Review, Vol. 79, No. 312, (July 1964): 532-542.
  • Haskins, C. H., “Normandy under William the Conqueror”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, (April 1909): 453- 476.
  • Henry of Huntingdon, Chronicle, Trans. Thomas Forester, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.
  • https://converterin.com/area/square-kilometer-km2-to-hide.html
  • İmam Maverdi, El Ahkamu’s-Sultaniyye, çev. Ali Şafak, İstanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1976.
  • Kemble, John Mitchell, Saxons in England II, Longman, Brown, London: Green, and Longmans, 1849.
  • Maitland, F. W., The Constitutional History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909.
  • Masschaele, James, Jury, State, and Society in Medieval England, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Miller, Sean, “Hundreds”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo, Edit. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2014.
  • Morris, William A., “The Office of Sheriff in the Anglo-Saxon Period”, The English Historical Review , Vol. 31, No. 121, (January 1916): 20-40.
  • Morris, William A., “The Office of Sheriff in the Early Norman Period”, The English Historical Review , Vol. 33, No. 130, (April 1918): 145-175.
  • Nizamu'l-Mulk, Siyasetname, çev. Mehmet Taha Ayar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2018.
  • Özer, Gülnur; “Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Özgür bir Okçu: Robin Hood”, Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, c.2, S.2, (Aralık 2019): 248-263.
  • Roger of Howden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden I, Trans. Henry T. Riley, London, 1853.
  • Salzman, L.F., Henry II, London: Constable and Company, 1917.
  • Schlight, John, Henry II Plantagenet, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1973.
  • Stafford, Pauline, “Reeve”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo, Edit. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford, 2014.
  • Stenton, Frank Merry, William the Conqueror, New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908.
  • Stone, A. P., History of England, Boston: Thompson and Brown Company, 1883.
  • Stubbs, William, Select Charters and Other Illustrations Of English Constitutional History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
  • Stubbs, William, The Constitutional History Of England I, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1926.
  • Stubbs, William, The Constitutional History Of England II, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Tarifci, Sinan, “Büyük Selçuklular Devrinde Kadıların Maaşları, Gelir Kaynakları ve Maddî Durumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Akademik Bakış, Cilt 14, Sayı 28, (Yaz 2021): 249-265.
  • The Oxford English Dictionary Vol VII, Edit. R. W. Burchfield, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Walker, Simon, “Order and law”, A Social History of England, 1200-1500, Edit. Rosemary Horrox, W. Mark Ormrod, 91-112, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Warren, Wilfred Lewis, Henry II, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973.
  • White, Albert Beebe, Self-government at the King’s Command, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1974.
  • Wilkinson, Louise J., “Women as Sheriffs in Early Thirteenth Century England”, English Government in the Thirteenth Century, Edit. Adrian Jobson, 111-124, The Boydell Press, London, 2004.
  • Williams, Ann, Kingship and Government in pre-Conquest England c.500-1066, London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1999.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Halil Yavaş 0000-0001-5642-0141

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Yavaş, Halil. “Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Şeriflik Kurumunun Gelişimine Dair Mukayeseli Bir Değerlendirme”. Çeşm-i Cihan: Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi E-Dergisi 9/1 (Haziran 2022), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.30804/cesmicihan.1030683.

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