Öz
Sediment-focused monitoring studies in fish cages
culture have accelerated over the past two decades since water column
parameters were an important element in sustainable cages culture.
Identification and monitoring of environmental quality parameters related to
sediment in inland waters, which are under the risk of eutrophication more than
marine ecosystems, are also important in terms of sustainable environment,
indicating environmental conditions that express a longer period of time rather
than an instant as in water quality parameters. Within the scope of this review
study, which draws attention to sediment in sustainable aquaculture in cages in
inland water ecosystems; (a) the national and international updated reports on
the sediment quality of cage culture were summarized, (b) the analysis steps
for determining the environmental quality parameters of the sediment and the
environmental status of the area (sensory parameters such as macroinvertebrate
presence in sediment, some chemical analyzes of sediment and gas, color and
smell) , c) index usage methods showing the level of sediment pollution in
terms of nutrients in sediment were explained, d) legal approaches on
environmental quality parameters of sediment in inland are examined. Management
of cage culture operation showing distribution in Inland water ecosystems in
Turkey should be kept at the in monitoring the environmental impact of
sediment, sediment for reliable, fast and easy to implement methods should be
integrated into aquaculture operations.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sediment sustainable aquaculture freshwaters quality parameters environmental monitoring programs
Kaynakça
- Alpaslan, A., & Pulatsü, S. (2008). The effect of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) cage culture on sediment quality in Kesikköprü Reservoir, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8(1), 65-70.
- Anonim. (2007). Denizlerde Balık Çiftliklerinin Kurulamayacağı Hassas Alan Niteliğindeki Kapalı Koy ve Körfez Alanlarının Belirlenmesine İlişkin Tebliğ. 24 Ocak 2007 Tarih ve 26413 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2009). Denizlerde Kurulan Balık Yetiştiriciliği Tesislerinin İzlenmesine İlişkin Tebliğ. 13 Haziran 2009 Tarih ve 27257 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2014). Durgun Yerüstü Kara İç Sularının Ötrofikasyona Karşı Korunmasına İlişkin Tebliğ. 26 Şubat 2014 Tarih ve 28925 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2015). Çevresel Açıdan Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dostu Balık Çiftlikleri Sisteminin Oluşturulması Kılavuzu. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı. Ankara.
- Anonim. (2000). Web Sitesi: http://www.eprints.utas.edu.au/456. Cage Culture of Salmonids in Lakes: Best practice and risk management for Tasmania. Erişim tarihi:19.11.2015.
- Anonim. (2015a). Web Sitesi: http://www.ecasaatoolbox.org.uk/the-toolbox/eia-species/MOM analysis.pdf. Local environmental effects of aquaculture farming sea bream/sea bass in the Mediterranean Sea; A MOM (Modelling-Ongrowing fish farm-Monitoring system) model study. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2015.
- Anonim. (2015b). Web Sitesi: http://www.aquaculture.asia/files/PMNQ. Annex 2. Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Freshwater and Marine Aquaculture. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2015.
- Aşır, U., & Pulatsü, S. 2008. Estimation of the nitrogen - phosphorus load due to cage cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) in Kesikköprü Dam Lake: Comparison of pelleted and extruded feed. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 32, 417-422.
- Beveridge, M. C. M., Phillips, M. J., & Macintosh, D. J. (1997). Aquaculture and the environment: the supply of and demand for environmental goods and services by Asian aquaculture and the implications for sustainability. Aquaculture research, 28(10), 797-807.
- Cornel, G.E., & Whoriskey, F, G. (1993). The effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cage culture on the water quality, zooplankton, benthos and sediments of Lac du Passage, Quebec. Aquaculture, 109, 101-117.
- Çinar, M. E., Bakır, K., Öztürk, B., Katağan, T., Dağlı, E., Açık, Ş. Doğan, A., & Bakır, B. B. (2015). TUBI (TUrkish Benthic Index): A new biotic index for assessing impacts of organic pollution on benthic communities. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 21(2).
- Demir, N., Kırkağaç, M., Pulatsü, S., & Bekcan, S. (2001). Influence of trout cage culture on the water quality, plankton and benthos in an Anatolian Dam Lake. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 53 (3-4), 115-127.
- Guo, L., Li, Z., Xie, P., & Ni, L. (2009). Assesment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China. Aquaculture International, 17, 229-241.
- Hansen, P. K., Ervik, A., Schaanning, M., Johannessen, P., Aure, J., Jahnsen, T., & Stigebrandt, A. (2001). Regulating the local environmental impact of intensive, marine fish farming: II. The monitoring programme of the MOM system (Modelling–Ongrowing fish farms–Monitoring). Aquaculture, 194(1-2), 75-92.
- Jiwyam, W., & Chareontesprasit, N. (2001). Cage culture of nile tilapia and its loadings in a freshwater reservoir in Northeast Thailand. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(5), 614-617.
- Karakassis, I., Dimitriou, P. D., Papageorgiou, N., Apostolaki, E. T., Lampadariou, N., & Black, K. D. (2013). Methodological considerations on the coastal and transitional benthic indicators proposed for the Water Framework Directive. Ecological indicators, 29, 26-33.
- Karakoca, S., & Topcu, A. (2017). Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cage culture: Preliminary observations of surface sediment’s chemical parameters and phosphorus release in Gokcekaya Reservoir, Turkey. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 5(04), 12.
- Kaya, D., & Pulatsü, S. (2017). Sediment-focused environmental impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) cage farms: Almus reservoir (Tokat). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(2), 345-352.
- Kelly, L. A., & Elberizon, I. R. (2001). Freshwater finfish cage culture. Environmental Impact of Aquaculture. Sheffield Academic Press Ltd, Sheffield, UK, 32-50.
- La Rosa, T., Mirto, S., Mazzola, A., & Maugeri, T. L. (2004). Benthic microbial indicators of fish farm impact in a coastal area of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Aquaculture, 230(1-4), 153-167.
- Laird, L. M., & Needham, T. (1988). Salmon and trout farming. Ellis Harwood Limited, 271p., England.
- León-Muñoz, J., Echeverría, C., Marcé, R., Riss, W., Sherman, B., & Iriarte, J. L. (2013). The combined impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water quality in oligotrophic Lake Rupanco (North Patagonia, Chile). Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 283-291.
- Özdal, B., & Pulatsü, S. (2012). Ağ kafeslerde sürdürülebilir balık yetiştiriciliği için bir bilgisayar yazılımının kullanımı. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4 (1), 15-26.
- Özdal, B., & Pulatsü, S. (2015). Using of the computer software for the sustainable Rainbow Trout cage culture; A case study in Gökçekaya Dam Lake (Ankara, Turkey). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29(1), 49-54.
- Rooney, R. C., & Podemski, C. L. (2010). Freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and pore-water chemistry. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61(5), 513-526.
- Schendel, E. K., Nordström, S. E., & Lavkulich, L. M. (2004). Floc and sediment properties and their environmental distribution from a marine fish farm. Aquaculture research, 35(5), 483-493.
- Soto, D., & Norambuena, F. (2004). Evaluation of salmon farming effects on marine systems in the inner seas of southern Chile: a large‐scale mensurative experiment. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(6), 493-501.
- Stigebrandt, A., Aure, J., Ervik, A., & Hansen, P. K. (2004). Regulating the local environmental impact of intensive marine fish farming: III. A model for estimation of the holding capacity in the Modelling–Ongrowing fish farm–Monitoring system. Aquaculture, 234(1-4), 239-261.
- Temporetti, P. F., Alonso, M. F., Baffico, G., Diaz, M. M., Lopez, W., Pedrozo, F. L., & Vigliano, P. H. (2001). Trophic state, fish community and intensive production of salmonids in Alicura Reservoir (Patagonia, Argentina). Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 6(4), 259-267.
- Troell, M., & Berg, H. (1997). Cage fish farming in the tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe: impact and biogeochemical changes in sediment. Aquaculture research, 28(7), 527-544.
- Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., Xie, P., Xu, J., Li, J., Zhu, D., & Xia, T. (2004). Impacts of cage-culture of Oreochromis niloticus on organic matter content, fractionation and sorption of phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase activity in a hypereutrophic lake, People’s Republic of China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(5), 927-932.
- Zhang, Z., Lv, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Sun, C., & Marhaba, T. (2015). Phosphorus, organic matter and nitrogen distribution characteristics of the surface sediments in Nansi Lake, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(9), 5669-5675.
Öz
Ağ kafeslerde sürdürülebilir yetiştiriciliğin
izlenmesinde su kolonu parametreleri önemli bir unsur olmakla birlikte son
yirmi yılda kafeslerde balık yetiştiriciliğinde sediment odaklı izleme
çalışmaları hız kazanmıştır. Denizel ekosistemlere göre daha fazla ötrofikasyon
riski altında olan iç sularda sedimente ilişkin çevresel kalite
parametrelerinin belirlenmesi ve izlenmesi, sürdürülebilir çevre açısından da
önem taşımakta, su kalite parametrelerinde olduğu gibi anlık değil daha uzun bir
zaman periyodunu ifade eden çevresel koşullara işaret etmektedir. İç su
ekosistemlerinde kafeslerde sürdürülebilir yetiştiricilik ekseninde sedimente
dikkat çeken bu derleme çalışması kapsamında; a) kafeslerde yetiştiriciliğin
sediment kalitesine ilişkin ulusal ve uluslararası güncel bildirişler
özetlenmiş, b) sedimente ilişkin çevresel kalite parametrelerinin ve bölgenin
çevresel durumunun belirlenmesi konusundaki analiz basamakları (sedimentteki
makroomurgasız varlığı, sedimentin bazı kimyasal analizleri ile gaz, renk, koku
gibi duyusal parametreler) değerlendirilmiş, c) sedimentteki besin elementleri açısından sedimentin
kirlilik düzeyini gösteren indeks kullanım yöntemleri açıklanmış, d) iç
sularda sedimentin çevresel kalite parametrelerine ilişkin yasal yaklaşımlar irdelenmiştir.
Türkiye’de iç su ekosistemlerinde dağılım gösteren ağ kafes
işletmelerinin yönetimi ve yetiştiriciliğin çevresel etkilerinin izlenmesinde
sediment ön planda tutulmalı, sedimente ilişkin güvenilir, hızlı ve kolay
uygulanabilir yöntemler yetiştiricilik faaliyetlerine entegre edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sediment sürdürülebilir yetiştiricilik iç sular kalite parametreleri çevresel izleme programı
Kaynakça
- Alpaslan, A., & Pulatsü, S. (2008). The effect of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) cage culture on sediment quality in Kesikköprü Reservoir, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8(1), 65-70.
- Anonim. (2007). Denizlerde Balık Çiftliklerinin Kurulamayacağı Hassas Alan Niteliğindeki Kapalı Koy ve Körfez Alanlarının Belirlenmesine İlişkin Tebliğ. 24 Ocak 2007 Tarih ve 26413 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2009). Denizlerde Kurulan Balık Yetiştiriciliği Tesislerinin İzlenmesine İlişkin Tebliğ. 13 Haziran 2009 Tarih ve 27257 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2014). Durgun Yerüstü Kara İç Sularının Ötrofikasyona Karşı Korunmasına İlişkin Tebliğ. 26 Şubat 2014 Tarih ve 28925 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- Anonim. (2015). Çevresel Açıdan Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dostu Balık Çiftlikleri Sisteminin Oluşturulması Kılavuzu. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı. Ankara.
- Anonim. (2000). Web Sitesi: http://www.eprints.utas.edu.au/456. Cage Culture of Salmonids in Lakes: Best practice and risk management for Tasmania. Erişim tarihi:19.11.2015.
- Anonim. (2015a). Web Sitesi: http://www.ecasaatoolbox.org.uk/the-toolbox/eia-species/MOM analysis.pdf. Local environmental effects of aquaculture farming sea bream/sea bass in the Mediterranean Sea; A MOM (Modelling-Ongrowing fish farm-Monitoring system) model study. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2015.
- Anonim. (2015b). Web Sitesi: http://www.aquaculture.asia/files/PMNQ. Annex 2. Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Freshwater and Marine Aquaculture. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2015.
- Aşır, U., & Pulatsü, S. 2008. Estimation of the nitrogen - phosphorus load due to cage cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) in Kesikköprü Dam Lake: Comparison of pelleted and extruded feed. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 32, 417-422.
- Beveridge, M. C. M., Phillips, M. J., & Macintosh, D. J. (1997). Aquaculture and the environment: the supply of and demand for environmental goods and services by Asian aquaculture and the implications for sustainability. Aquaculture research, 28(10), 797-807.
- Cornel, G.E., & Whoriskey, F, G. (1993). The effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cage culture on the water quality, zooplankton, benthos and sediments of Lac du Passage, Quebec. Aquaculture, 109, 101-117.
- Çinar, M. E., Bakır, K., Öztürk, B., Katağan, T., Dağlı, E., Açık, Ş. Doğan, A., & Bakır, B. B. (2015). TUBI (TUrkish Benthic Index): A new biotic index for assessing impacts of organic pollution on benthic communities. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 21(2).
- Demir, N., Kırkağaç, M., Pulatsü, S., & Bekcan, S. (2001). Influence of trout cage culture on the water quality, plankton and benthos in an Anatolian Dam Lake. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 53 (3-4), 115-127.
- Guo, L., Li, Z., Xie, P., & Ni, L. (2009). Assesment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China. Aquaculture International, 17, 229-241.
- Hansen, P. K., Ervik, A., Schaanning, M., Johannessen, P., Aure, J., Jahnsen, T., & Stigebrandt, A. (2001). Regulating the local environmental impact of intensive, marine fish farming: II. The monitoring programme of the MOM system (Modelling–Ongrowing fish farms–Monitoring). Aquaculture, 194(1-2), 75-92.
- Jiwyam, W., & Chareontesprasit, N. (2001). Cage culture of nile tilapia and its loadings in a freshwater reservoir in Northeast Thailand. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(5), 614-617.
- Karakassis, I., Dimitriou, P. D., Papageorgiou, N., Apostolaki, E. T., Lampadariou, N., & Black, K. D. (2013). Methodological considerations on the coastal and transitional benthic indicators proposed for the Water Framework Directive. Ecological indicators, 29, 26-33.
- Karakoca, S., & Topcu, A. (2017). Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cage culture: Preliminary observations of surface sediment’s chemical parameters and phosphorus release in Gokcekaya Reservoir, Turkey. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 5(04), 12.
- Kaya, D., & Pulatsü, S. (2017). Sediment-focused environmental impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) cage farms: Almus reservoir (Tokat). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(2), 345-352.
- Kelly, L. A., & Elberizon, I. R. (2001). Freshwater finfish cage culture. Environmental Impact of Aquaculture. Sheffield Academic Press Ltd, Sheffield, UK, 32-50.
- La Rosa, T., Mirto, S., Mazzola, A., & Maugeri, T. L. (2004). Benthic microbial indicators of fish farm impact in a coastal area of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Aquaculture, 230(1-4), 153-167.
- Laird, L. M., & Needham, T. (1988). Salmon and trout farming. Ellis Harwood Limited, 271p., England.
- León-Muñoz, J., Echeverría, C., Marcé, R., Riss, W., Sherman, B., & Iriarte, J. L. (2013). The combined impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water quality in oligotrophic Lake Rupanco (North Patagonia, Chile). Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 283-291.
- Özdal, B., & Pulatsü, S. (2012). Ağ kafeslerde sürdürülebilir balık yetiştiriciliği için bir bilgisayar yazılımının kullanımı. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4 (1), 15-26.
- Özdal, B., & Pulatsü, S. (2015). Using of the computer software for the sustainable Rainbow Trout cage culture; A case study in Gökçekaya Dam Lake (Ankara, Turkey). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29(1), 49-54.
- Rooney, R. C., & Podemski, C. L. (2010). Freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and pore-water chemistry. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61(5), 513-526.
- Schendel, E. K., Nordström, S. E., & Lavkulich, L. M. (2004). Floc and sediment properties and their environmental distribution from a marine fish farm. Aquaculture research, 35(5), 483-493.
- Soto, D., & Norambuena, F. (2004). Evaluation of salmon farming effects on marine systems in the inner seas of southern Chile: a large‐scale mensurative experiment. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(6), 493-501.
- Stigebrandt, A., Aure, J., Ervik, A., & Hansen, P. K. (2004). Regulating the local environmental impact of intensive marine fish farming: III. A model for estimation of the holding capacity in the Modelling–Ongrowing fish farm–Monitoring system. Aquaculture, 234(1-4), 239-261.
- Temporetti, P. F., Alonso, M. F., Baffico, G., Diaz, M. M., Lopez, W., Pedrozo, F. L., & Vigliano, P. H. (2001). Trophic state, fish community and intensive production of salmonids in Alicura Reservoir (Patagonia, Argentina). Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 6(4), 259-267.
- Troell, M., & Berg, H. (1997). Cage fish farming in the tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe: impact and biogeochemical changes in sediment. Aquaculture research, 28(7), 527-544.
- Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., Xie, P., Xu, J., Li, J., Zhu, D., & Xia, T. (2004). Impacts of cage-culture of Oreochromis niloticus on organic matter content, fractionation and sorption of phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase activity in a hypereutrophic lake, People’s Republic of China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(5), 927-932.
- Zhang, Z., Lv, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Sun, C., & Marhaba, T. (2015). Phosphorus, organic matter and nitrogen distribution characteristics of the surface sediments in Nansi Lake, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(9), 5669-5675.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çevre Bilimleri, Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Derleme Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Mart 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 |
