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Investigation of humic acid effects versus cadmium toxicity on hematological paramaters of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario)

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4, 181 - 185, 01.12.2012

E.mahmut Kocaman

Öz

The preservative effect of humic acid versus cadmium toxicity on brown trout was investigated (Salmo trutta fario Linneaus, 1792), in terms of some hematological parameters in this study. Fish had been exposed to cadmium chloride or/and humic acide (2 ppm Cd, 2ppm Cd+5 ppm humic acid and control) for 7 days. At the end of the trial period, change of hematological parameters; hemoglobin, hematocrite, erythrocyte, mean carpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean carpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed. Statistical analyses showed that the differences in all values but RBC, hematocrite, platelet counts, MCV and MCH were important at p<0.05. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cadmium Heavy metal Humic acid Brown trout Hematology

Kaynakça

  • Adeyemo, G.O., Ologhobo, A.D. Adebiyi, O.A., 2010. The effect of graded levels of dietary methionine on the hematology and serum biochemistry of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 158-161. doi:10.3923/ijps.2010.158.161
  • Atamanalp, M., 2000. The effects of sublethal doses of Cypermethrin on haematological and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Atamanalp, M., E.M. Kocaman, A., Uçar, Alak, G., 2012. Kadmiyum toksisitesine karşi humik asitin koruyucu etkisinin kahverengi alabaliklarda (Salmo trutta fario) araştirilması. Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 14(1): 405-415.
  • Atamanalp, M., Keleş, M.S., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Aras, M.S., 2002. The effects of cypermethrin (A Synthetic Pyrethroid) on some biochemical parameters (Ca, P, Na and TP) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 26: 1157-1160.
  • Aziz, F., Amin, M., Shakoori, R.A., 1993. Toxic Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Haematology of Fish, Tilapia mossambica. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 13: 141-154.
  • Bingöl, S.A., Kocamiş, H., 2010. The Gene Expression Profile by RT-PCR and Immunohistochemical Expression Pattern of Catalase in the Kidney Tissue of Both Healthy and Diabetic Mice. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (5): 825-83.
  • Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W., 1973. Routine haematological methods for use fish with blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 771-781. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04510.x
  • Bricknell, I.R., Bowden, T.J., Bruno, D.W., MacLachlan, P., Johnstone, R., Ellis, A.E., 1999. Susceptibility of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus(L). to infection with typical and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. Aquaculture, 175:1–13.doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)000253
  • Çelik, E., Bircan, R., 2004. Çanakkale boğazi’ndaki siyah iskorpit baliği (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758)’nın hematolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. F. Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4): 735-744.
  • Çelikkale, M.S., 1994. İç Su Balıkları ve Yetiştiriciliği, KTÜ Sürmene Deniz Bilimleri Fak. Genel Yayın No: 124, Fak. Yayın No: 2, Cilt 1, 2. Baskı, Trabzon, s,37.
  • Çetin, N., Çetin, E., Güçlü, B.K., 2006. Yumurta tavuklarında rasyona ilave edilen humat ve organik asitlerin bazı hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi,53:165-168.
  • Duran, S., 2011. Bakir (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Karişimlarinin Oreochromis niloticus’ta bazi hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Ezzat, A.A., Sharana, M.B., Farghaly, A.M., 1974. Studies on the blood characteristics of tilapia zilli blood cells. Journal of Fish Biology, 6: 1-12. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1974.tb04516.x
  • Favaretto, A.L.V., Sawaya, P., Petenusci, S.O., Lopes, R.A., 1978. Hematologia do Cascudo Plecostomus regani. I. Serie vermelha. Biologica, 4: 12-17.
  • Fırat, Ö., 2007. Oreochromis niloticus’ta metal (Zn, Cd) ve metal karışımının (Zn+Cd) kan dokusunda fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Goss, G.G., Wood, C.M., 1988. The effects of acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology, 32: 63-76. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05335.x
  • Haşıloğlu, M.A. Atamanalp, M., 2002. Demirdöven baraj gölü (Erzurum) tatlısu kefali (Leuciscus cephalus) populasyonu hematolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. OMU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (2): 34- 38.
  • Katalay, S. Parlak, H., 2004. The effects of cadmium on erythrocyte structure of black gobby (Gobius niger L., 1758). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21(1-2): 99-102.
  • Kayhan, F.E., Muşlu, M.N., Koç, N.D., 2009. Bazı ağır metallerin sucul organizmalar üzerinde yarattığı stres ve biyolojik yanıtlar. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 3(2):153-162. doi:10.3153/jfscom.2009019.
  • Kocabatmaz, M., Ekingen, G., 1984. Değişik tür balıklarda kan örneği alınması ve hematolojik metotların standardizasyonu. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, D1(8, 2):149-159.
  • Kumar, S., Lata, M., Gopal, K., 1999. Deltamethrin induced physiplogical changes in freshwater Cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62: 254-258. doi:10.1007/s001289900867
  • McCarthy, D.H., Stevenson, D.P., Roberts, M.S., 1973. Some blood parameters of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri RICHARDSON). I. The Kamloops variety. Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04425.x
  • Mughal, A.L., Iqbal, M.J., Shakoori, A.R., 1993. Toxicity of short term exposure of sublethal doses of a synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate, on the Chinese grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Proceeding Semi Aquaculture Development Pakistan, 49-74.
  • Pagés T., Gómez, E., Sşñer, O., Viscor, G., Tort, L., 1995. Effects of daily management stress on haematology and blood rheology of the gilthead seabream. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01601.x 46: 775-786.
  • Rung, J.G., Hsin, L.Y., Jau, L.S., Fung, J.L., 2001. Induction of oxidative stress by humic acid through increasing intracellular iron: a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular disorder in blackfoot diease. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 283: 743–749. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4832
  • Sandnes, K., Lie, Q., Waagbo, R., 1988. Normal ranges of some blood chemistry parameters in adult farmed atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Biology, 32: 129-136.
  • Santhakumar, M., Balaji, M., Ramudu, K., 1999. Effect of sublethal concentrations of monocrotophos on erythropoietic acticity and certain hematological parameters of fish Anabas testudineus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63: 379-384.
  • Satake, T., Nuti-Sobrinho, A., Paula-Lopes, O.V., Lopes, R.A., Leme Dos Santos, H.S., 1986. Haematological study of brazilian fish. III. Blood parameters in armored catfish Hypostomus paulinus IHERING 1905 (Pisces, Loricariidae). Ars Veterinaria, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias “Campus” de Jaboticabal Unesp, 2 (2), Jaboticabal-SP- Brasil, 179-183.
  • Schmidtke, L.M., Carson, J., 1999. Induction, characterisation and pathogenicity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) of Lactococcus garvieae L-forms. Veterinary Microbiology, 69: 287-300. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00120-0.
  • Shakoori, A. R., Mughal, A.L., Iqbal, M.J., 1996. Effects of sublethal doses of fenvalarate (a synthetic pyrethroid) administered continuously for four weeks on the blo, liver and muscles of a freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,57: 487-494. doi:10.1007/s001289900216
  • Singh, W.B.P., Tandon, P.K., 2009. Effect of river water pollution on hematological parameters of fish. Research in Environment and Life Sciences, 2(4):211-214.
  • Stevenson, F.J., 1994. Humus Chimistry-Genesis , Composition. Reactions. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY.
  • Stickney, R.R., 1991. Culture of Salmonid fishes, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, p 52.
  • Talas, Z.S., Orun, I., Ozdemir, İ., Erdogan, K., Alkan, A., Yılmaz, I., 2008. Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34:217–222. doi:10.1007/s10695-007-9179-9
  • Torres, F. I. P., Moura, E.G., Nascimento, C.C.A., Contaifer Jr., C.F., Pimenta, M.A., Torres, E.B., 1986. Parametros bioquimicos e hematologicos de cascudos (Hypostomus punctatus). Ciencia cultura, 38: 825-830.
  • Uçar, A., 2010. Doğal (karanfil yağı) ve sentetik (2-fenoksietanol) anestezik maddelerinin gökkuşaği alabaliği (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) ve kahverengi alabaliğin (Salmo trutta fario Linneaus, 1758) kan biyokimyasi ve hematolojik parametreleri ile bazi enzim (G6PD, 6-PGD, GR, Katalaz) aktiviteleri üzerine etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Witeska, M., 2001. Changes in the common carp blood cell picture after acute exposure to cadmium. Acta Zoologica Litvanica,11: 366-371. doi:10.1080/13921657.2001.10512472
  • Witeska, M. Baka, I., 2002. The Effect of Long-Term Cadmium Exposure on Common Carp Blood. Fresenius Environm. Bulletin, 11(12A): 1059-1065.
  • Witeska, M., 2004. The effect of toxic chemicals on blood cell morphology in fish. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 13(12a): 1379-1384.
  • Witeska, M., 2005. Stress in fish hematological and immunological effects of heavy metals. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1: 35-41
  • Wood, C.M., Al-Reasi, H.A., Smith, D.S., 2011. The two faces of DOC. Aquatic Toxicology. 105(3–4):3–8. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.007
  • Yamawaki, K., Hashimoto, W., Fujii, K., Koyama, J., Ikeda, Y., Ozaki, H., 1986. Hemochemical changes in carp exposed to low cadmium concentrations. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 52 (3): 459-465. doi:10.2331/suisan.52.459
  • Ying, J.C., Chao, S.L., Tien, S.H., Mei, L.Y., Fung, J.L., 2001. Humic acid induced growth retardation in a sertol cell line, TM4. Life Science, 69: 1269-1284.doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01220-6

Kahverengi Alabalıklarda (Salmo trutta fario) kadmiyum toksisitesine karşı humik asit etkisinin hematolojik parametrelerle araştırılması

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4, 181 - 185, 01.12.2012

E.mahmut Kocaman

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kahverengi alabalıklarda (Salmo trutta fario Linneaus, 1792) kadmiyum toksisitesine karşı humik asitin koruyucu etkisi bazı hematolojik parametreler açısından araştırılmıştır. Balıklar kadmiyum ve/veya humik asite (2ppm Cd, 2ppm Cd+ 5 ppm humik asit ve kontrol) 7 gün boyunca maruz bırakılmışlardır. Deneme periyodu sonunda hematolojik parametrelerden hemoglobin, hematokrit, eritrosit, eritrosit başına düşen ortalama hemoglobin miktarı (MCH), ortalama eritrosit hacmi (MCV) ve eritrosit başına düşen ortalama hemoglobin konsantrasyonu (MCHC) değerlerinde meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir. İstatistiki açıdan tüm parametrelerde gruplar arası fark belirlenmiş olsa da kırmızı kan hücresi (RBC), hematokrit, trombosit sayısı, MCV ve MCH parametreleri p <0.05 seviyesinde önemli bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadmiyum Ağır metal Humik asit Kahverengi alabalık Hematoloji

Kaynakça

  • Adeyemo, G.O., Ologhobo, A.D. Adebiyi, O.A., 2010. The effect of graded levels of dietary methionine on the hematology and serum biochemistry of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 158-161. doi:10.3923/ijps.2010.158.161
  • Atamanalp, M., 2000. The effects of sublethal doses of Cypermethrin on haematological and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Atamanalp, M., E.M. Kocaman, A., Uçar, Alak, G., 2012. Kadmiyum toksisitesine karşi humik asitin koruyucu etkisinin kahverengi alabaliklarda (Salmo trutta fario) araştirilması. Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 14(1): 405-415.
  • Atamanalp, M., Keleş, M.S., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Aras, M.S., 2002. The effects of cypermethrin (A Synthetic Pyrethroid) on some biochemical parameters (Ca, P, Na and TP) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 26: 1157-1160.
  • Aziz, F., Amin, M., Shakoori, R.A., 1993. Toxic Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Haematology of Fish, Tilapia mossambica. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 13: 141-154.
  • Bingöl, S.A., Kocamiş, H., 2010. The Gene Expression Profile by RT-PCR and Immunohistochemical Expression Pattern of Catalase in the Kidney Tissue of Both Healthy and Diabetic Mice. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (5): 825-83.
  • Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W., 1973. Routine haematological methods for use fish with blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 771-781. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04510.x
  • Bricknell, I.R., Bowden, T.J., Bruno, D.W., MacLachlan, P., Johnstone, R., Ellis, A.E., 1999. Susceptibility of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus(L). to infection with typical and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. Aquaculture, 175:1–13.doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)000253
  • Çelik, E., Bircan, R., 2004. Çanakkale boğazi’ndaki siyah iskorpit baliği (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758)’nın hematolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. F. Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4): 735-744.
  • Çelikkale, M.S., 1994. İç Su Balıkları ve Yetiştiriciliği, KTÜ Sürmene Deniz Bilimleri Fak. Genel Yayın No: 124, Fak. Yayın No: 2, Cilt 1, 2. Baskı, Trabzon, s,37.
  • Çetin, N., Çetin, E., Güçlü, B.K., 2006. Yumurta tavuklarında rasyona ilave edilen humat ve organik asitlerin bazı hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi,53:165-168.
  • Duran, S., 2011. Bakir (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Karişimlarinin Oreochromis niloticus’ta bazi hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Ezzat, A.A., Sharana, M.B., Farghaly, A.M., 1974. Studies on the blood characteristics of tilapia zilli blood cells. Journal of Fish Biology, 6: 1-12. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1974.tb04516.x
  • Favaretto, A.L.V., Sawaya, P., Petenusci, S.O., Lopes, R.A., 1978. Hematologia do Cascudo Plecostomus regani. I. Serie vermelha. Biologica, 4: 12-17.
  • Fırat, Ö., 2007. Oreochromis niloticus’ta metal (Zn, Cd) ve metal karışımının (Zn+Cd) kan dokusunda fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Goss, G.G., Wood, C.M., 1988. The effects of acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology, 32: 63-76. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05335.x
  • Haşıloğlu, M.A. Atamanalp, M., 2002. Demirdöven baraj gölü (Erzurum) tatlısu kefali (Leuciscus cephalus) populasyonu hematolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. OMU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (2): 34- 38.
  • Katalay, S. Parlak, H., 2004. The effects of cadmium on erythrocyte structure of black gobby (Gobius niger L., 1758). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21(1-2): 99-102.
  • Kayhan, F.E., Muşlu, M.N., Koç, N.D., 2009. Bazı ağır metallerin sucul organizmalar üzerinde yarattığı stres ve biyolojik yanıtlar. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 3(2):153-162. doi:10.3153/jfscom.2009019.
  • Kocabatmaz, M., Ekingen, G., 1984. Değişik tür balıklarda kan örneği alınması ve hematolojik metotların standardizasyonu. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, D1(8, 2):149-159.
  • Kumar, S., Lata, M., Gopal, K., 1999. Deltamethrin induced physiplogical changes in freshwater Cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62: 254-258. doi:10.1007/s001289900867
  • McCarthy, D.H., Stevenson, D.P., Roberts, M.S., 1973. Some blood parameters of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri RICHARDSON). I. The Kamloops variety. Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04425.x
  • Mughal, A.L., Iqbal, M.J., Shakoori, A.R., 1993. Toxicity of short term exposure of sublethal doses of a synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate, on the Chinese grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Proceeding Semi Aquaculture Development Pakistan, 49-74.
  • Pagés T., Gómez, E., Sşñer, O., Viscor, G., Tort, L., 1995. Effects of daily management stress on haematology and blood rheology of the gilthead seabream. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01601.x 46: 775-786.
  • Rung, J.G., Hsin, L.Y., Jau, L.S., Fung, J.L., 2001. Induction of oxidative stress by humic acid through increasing intracellular iron: a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular disorder in blackfoot diease. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 283: 743–749. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4832
  • Sandnes, K., Lie, Q., Waagbo, R., 1988. Normal ranges of some blood chemistry parameters in adult farmed atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Biology, 32: 129-136.
  • Santhakumar, M., Balaji, M., Ramudu, K., 1999. Effect of sublethal concentrations of monocrotophos on erythropoietic acticity and certain hematological parameters of fish Anabas testudineus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63: 379-384.
  • Satake, T., Nuti-Sobrinho, A., Paula-Lopes, O.V., Lopes, R.A., Leme Dos Santos, H.S., 1986. Haematological study of brazilian fish. III. Blood parameters in armored catfish Hypostomus paulinus IHERING 1905 (Pisces, Loricariidae). Ars Veterinaria, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias “Campus” de Jaboticabal Unesp, 2 (2), Jaboticabal-SP- Brasil, 179-183.
  • Schmidtke, L.M., Carson, J., 1999. Induction, characterisation and pathogenicity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) of Lactococcus garvieae L-forms. Veterinary Microbiology, 69: 287-300. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00120-0.
  • Shakoori, A. R., Mughal, A.L., Iqbal, M.J., 1996. Effects of sublethal doses of fenvalarate (a synthetic pyrethroid) administered continuously for four weeks on the blo, liver and muscles of a freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,57: 487-494. doi:10.1007/s001289900216
  • Singh, W.B.P., Tandon, P.K., 2009. Effect of river water pollution on hematological parameters of fish. Research in Environment and Life Sciences, 2(4):211-214.
  • Stevenson, F.J., 1994. Humus Chimistry-Genesis , Composition. Reactions. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY.
  • Stickney, R.R., 1991. Culture of Salmonid fishes, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, p 52.
  • Talas, Z.S., Orun, I., Ozdemir, İ., Erdogan, K., Alkan, A., Yılmaz, I., 2008. Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34:217–222. doi:10.1007/s10695-007-9179-9
  • Torres, F. I. P., Moura, E.G., Nascimento, C.C.A., Contaifer Jr., C.F., Pimenta, M.A., Torres, E.B., 1986. Parametros bioquimicos e hematologicos de cascudos (Hypostomus punctatus). Ciencia cultura, 38: 825-830.
  • Uçar, A., 2010. Doğal (karanfil yağı) ve sentetik (2-fenoksietanol) anestezik maddelerinin gökkuşaği alabaliği (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) ve kahverengi alabaliğin (Salmo trutta fario Linneaus, 1758) kan biyokimyasi ve hematolojik parametreleri ile bazi enzim (G6PD, 6-PGD, GR, Katalaz) aktiviteleri üzerine etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
  • Witeska, M., 2001. Changes in the common carp blood cell picture after acute exposure to cadmium. Acta Zoologica Litvanica,11: 366-371. doi:10.1080/13921657.2001.10512472
  • Witeska, M. Baka, I., 2002. The Effect of Long-Term Cadmium Exposure on Common Carp Blood. Fresenius Environm. Bulletin, 11(12A): 1059-1065.
  • Witeska, M., 2004. The effect of toxic chemicals on blood cell morphology in fish. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 13(12a): 1379-1384.
  • Witeska, M., 2005. Stress in fish hematological and immunological effects of heavy metals. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1: 35-41
  • Wood, C.M., Al-Reasi, H.A., Smith, D.S., 2011. The two faces of DOC. Aquatic Toxicology. 105(3–4):3–8. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.007
  • Yamawaki, K., Hashimoto, W., Fujii, K., Koyama, J., Ikeda, Y., Ozaki, H., 1986. Hemochemical changes in carp exposed to low cadmium concentrations. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 52 (3): 459-465. doi:10.2331/suisan.52.459
  • Ying, J.C., Chao, S.L., Tien, S.H., Mei, L.Y., Fung, J.L., 2001. Humic acid induced growth retardation in a sertol cell line, TM4. Life Science, 69: 1269-1284.doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01220-6
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

E.mahmut Kocaman

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kocaman, E. . (2012). Kahverengi Alabalıklarda (Salmo trutta fario) kadmiyum toksisitesine karşı humik asit etkisinin hematolojik parametrelerle araştırılması. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29(4), 181-185.