Araştırma Makalesi
The fifth culture generation of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax): Culture characteristics, meat yield and proximate composition
Öz
In this research,
the culture characteristics of the fifth generation of Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1814) were
evaluated. First of all, trout were cultured in recirculating aquaculture
system (RAS) and they kept in RAS until smoltification. After that, they were
transported to marine cages till market size. Thus, the ratios of specific
growth rate (SGR), feed conversion (FCR), mortality and condition factor (CF)
were specified from hatching to 16th month and the results were
evaluated as pre-smoltification and after-smoltification individually.
Moreover, the meat yield and proximate composition of Black Sea trout’s fifth
generation was specified in market size. Samplings were carried out monthly between
February 2014 and May 2015. Fish were started to feed in 0.105±0.007g until
they reached to 335.50±44.39g in May 2015. According to results; SGR, CF, FCR
and mortality were determined as between 0.98-2.70, 0.82-1.15, 1.02-1.30 and
7.67-7.78% until smoltification stage, respectively. However, they were
detected between 0.68-2.36, 1.04-1.20, 0.98-1.35 and 0.01-5.82% after
smoltification. Also, the meat yield, viserosomatic index (VSI) and
hepatosomatic index (HSI) were found to be 60.30%, 9.28% and 1.65% in
market-size respectively. According to chemical analyses, trout meat contains
crude protein as 15.47%, fat as 7.21%, ash as 1.57% and water (moisture) as
74.83%. In the view of the results, culture characteristics, proximate
composition and meat yield were found similar to other cultured trout species.
With these features, the fifth generation can be recommended to aquaculture
sector considering the economic value of the Black Sea trout in Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Black Sea Trout feed conversion ratio proximate composition condition factor Salmo trutta labrax endemic
Kaynakça
- Alexandre, C. M., & Palstra, A. P. (2017). Effect of short-term regulated temperature variations on the swimming economy of Atlantic salmon smolts. Conservation Physiology, 5, 1–9.
- Anderson, J. L. (2007). Sustainable aquaculture: What does it mean and how do we get there? In P. Leung, C.-S. Lee, & P. J. O’Bryen (Eds.), Species & system selection for sustainable aquaculture (pp. 9–18). Iowa/USA: Blackwell Publishing.
- AOAC. (2000). Food analysis (Vol. Chapt). Gaithersburg.
- Bagenal, T. B., & Tesch, F. W. (1978). Age and growth. In: Methods for assessment Fish Production in Fresh Waters. (T. B. Bagenal, Ed.) (IBP Handbo). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- Bagliniere, J. L., & Maisse, G. (1991). La truite biologie et ecologie. Paris, France: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.
- Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol. (2003). Annex 2 List of Species of Black Sea Importance. Sofia, Bulgaria. Retrieved from http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/GFCM-BSC/2013/List-of-Species-of-Black-Sea-Importance.pdf
- Broitman, B. R., Halpern, B. S., Gelcich, S., Lardies, M. A., Vargas, C. A., Vásquez-lavín, F., Widdicombe, S., & Silvana, N. (2017). Dynamic interactions among boundries and the expansion of sustainable aquaculture. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(15), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00015
- Burr, G. S., Wolters, W. R., Barrows, F. T., & Hardy, R. W. (2012). Replacing fishmeal with blends of alternative proteins on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and early or late stage juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 334–337, 110–116.
- Cakmak, E., Aksungur, N., Firidin, S., Cavdar, Y., Kurtoglu, I. Z., Bascinar, N. S., Akbulut, B., Savas, H., Ustundag, E., Alkan, A., Ergun, H., Erteken, A., Zengin, B., Serdar, S., Fidan, D., & Ozkan, B. (2010). Expandability of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) to Private Sector. Project Book (in Turkish).
- Cakmak, E., Kurtoglu, I. Z., Cavdar, Y., Aksungur, N., Firidin, S., Bascinar, N., Aksungur, M., Esenbuga, H., Ak, O., & Zengin, B. (2007). Karadeniz Alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax) Yetiştiriciliği ve Balıklandırma Amacıyla Kullanımı (in Turkish). Trabzon, Turkey.
- Cankiriligil, E. C., Cakmak, E., & Ozcan Akpınar, I. (2016). Histological Development of the Digestive Tract of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) During Larval Ontogeny. In 41th CIESM Congress Living Resources & Marine Ecosystems Committe (p. 330).
- Davidson, J., & Good, C. (2016). A review of factors influencing maturation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with focus on water recirculation aquaculture system environments. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47(5), 605–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12342
- Dean, L. M. (1990). The seafood industry. In G. J. Martin (Ed.), Nutrition and Preparation (pp. 255–267). New York-U.S.A.: Van Nostrand Rainhold.
- Elliot, J. M. (1975). The growth rate of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fed on maximus rations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 44, 805–821.
- Emre, Y., & Kurum, V. (1998). Rainbow Trout Culture in Cage (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Minpa Publishing.
- European Commision. (2010). Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, 276, 1–79. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/legislation_en.htm
- European Commision. (2015). Overview report Implementation of the Rules on Finfish Aquaculture. Luxembourg: Directorare general for health and food safety, Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2875/402631
- European Commission. (2017). EU consumer habits regarding fishery and aquaculture products - Special Eurobarometer 450. Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.2771/443961
- FAO. (2017). FAO Global Capture Production database updated to 2015 Summary information. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-br186e.pdf
- Firidin, S., Cakmak, E., & Aksungur, N. (2012). The Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811)’s Embryonic Development Stages. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni, 2, 7–16.
- Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sladane-Stanley, G. H. A. (1957). Simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem, 226, 497–509. Geldiay, R., & Balik, S. (1996). Freshwater fishes of Turkey (in Turkish). Izmir, Turkey: Ege University Publisher, Fisheries Faculty.
- GRID. (1999). Biodiversity Report Georgia ’99, Endengared Species. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/georgia/State/species.htm
- Helland, S. J., Grisdale-Helland, B., & Nerland, S. (1996). A simple method for the measurement of daily feed intake of groups of fish in tanks. Aquaculture, 139, 157–163. Herrmann, M. L., Mittelhammer, R. C., & Lin, B. (1993). Import Demands for Norwegian Farmed Atlantic Salmon and Wild Pacific Salmon in North America, Japan and the EC. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D’agroeconomie, 41(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1993.tb03736.x
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- Horwitz, W. (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (Oma). Education Gaithersburg.
- Houde, E. D., & Scheckter, R. C. (1981). Growth rates, rations and cohort consumption of marine fish larvae in relation to prey concentrations.
- Hutchings, J. a, & Jones, M. E. B. (1998). Life history variation and growth rate thresholds for maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-22
- Innal, D., & Erk’akan, F. (2006). Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 16(1), 39–50.
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- Janssen, K., Chavanne, H., Berentsen, P., & Komen, H. (2015). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) – Current status of selective breeding in Europe.
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Beşinci nesil Karadeniz Alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax): Kültür özellikleri, et verimi ve besin bileşimi
Öz
Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz alabalığı (Salmo
trutta labrax PALLAS, 1814)’ın beşinci neslinin kültür karakteristikleri
belirlenmiştir. Öncelikle alabalıklar kapalı devre yetiştiriclik ünitesi
(RAS)’nde üretilmiş ve smolt boya gelene dek burada tutulmuşlardır. Sonrasında,
alabalıklar deniz kafeslerine transfer edilmişler ve porsiyonluk boya gelene
kadar orada tutulmuşlardır. Bu nedenle; spesifik büyüme oranı (SGR), yem
dönüşüm oranı (FCR), ölüm oranı ve kondüsyon faktörü (CF) parametreleri
yumurtadan çıkıştan 16. aya kadar belirlenerek sonuçlar smolt öncesi ve smolt
sonrası olarak verilmiştir. Ayrıca, beşinci nesil Karadeniz alabalığının
porsiyonluk boydaki et verimi de hesaplanmıştır. Örneklemeler, Şubat 2014 ile
Mayıs 2015 arasında aylık olarak yapılmıştır. Balıklar 0,105±0,007g iken
beslenmeye başlanmış ve Mayıs 2015’e kadar 335,50±44,39g’a ulaşmışlardır.
Sonuçlara göre; smoltifikasyon öncesi SGR, CF, FCR ve ölüm oranı sırasıyla
0,98-2,70, 0,82-1,15, 1,02-1,30 ve %7,67-7,78 aralıklarında belirlenmiştir.
Ancak bu parametreler smoltifikasyon sonrası 0,68-2,36, 1,04-1,20, 0,98-1,35 ve
%0,01-5,82 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca; pazar boydaki et verimi,
viserosomatik indeks (VSI) ve hepatosomatik indeks (HSI) değerleri sırasıyla
%60,30, %9,28 ve %1,65 bulunmuştur. Kimyasal analizlere göre, alabalık eti
%15,47 ham protein, %7,21 ham yağ, %1,57 ham kül ve %74,83 su (nem)
içermektedir. Sonuçlar açısından, kültür özellikleri, besin bileşimi ve et
verimi diğer kültüre alınan alabalık türlerine benzer bulunmuştur. Bu
özellikleri ile, Karadeniz alabalığının eknomik değeri de göz önünde
bulundurularak, beşinci nesil yetiştiricilik sektörüne önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Karadeniz alabalığı yem dönüşüm oranı besin bileşimi kondüsyon faktörü Salmo labrax endemik
Kaynakça
- Alexandre, C. M., & Palstra, A. P. (2017). Effect of short-term regulated temperature variations on the swimming economy of Atlantic salmon smolts. Conservation Physiology, 5, 1–9.
- Anderson, J. L. (2007). Sustainable aquaculture: What does it mean and how do we get there? In P. Leung, C.-S. Lee, & P. J. O’Bryen (Eds.), Species & system selection for sustainable aquaculture (pp. 9–18). Iowa/USA: Blackwell Publishing.
- AOAC. (2000). Food analysis (Vol. Chapt). Gaithersburg.
- Bagenal, T. B., & Tesch, F. W. (1978). Age and growth. In: Methods for assessment Fish Production in Fresh Waters. (T. B. Bagenal, Ed.) (IBP Handbo). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- Bagliniere, J. L., & Maisse, G. (1991). La truite biologie et ecologie. Paris, France: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.
- Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol. (2003). Annex 2 List of Species of Black Sea Importance. Sofia, Bulgaria. Retrieved from http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/GFCM-BSC/2013/List-of-Species-of-Black-Sea-Importance.pdf
- Broitman, B. R., Halpern, B. S., Gelcich, S., Lardies, M. A., Vargas, C. A., Vásquez-lavín, F., Widdicombe, S., & Silvana, N. (2017). Dynamic interactions among boundries and the expansion of sustainable aquaculture. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(15), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00015
- Burr, G. S., Wolters, W. R., Barrows, F. T., & Hardy, R. W. (2012). Replacing fishmeal with blends of alternative proteins on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and early or late stage juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 334–337, 110–116.
- Cakmak, E., Aksungur, N., Firidin, S., Cavdar, Y., Kurtoglu, I. Z., Bascinar, N. S., Akbulut, B., Savas, H., Ustundag, E., Alkan, A., Ergun, H., Erteken, A., Zengin, B., Serdar, S., Fidan, D., & Ozkan, B. (2010). Expandability of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) to Private Sector. Project Book (in Turkish).
- Cakmak, E., Kurtoglu, I. Z., Cavdar, Y., Aksungur, N., Firidin, S., Bascinar, N., Aksungur, M., Esenbuga, H., Ak, O., & Zengin, B. (2007). Karadeniz Alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax) Yetiştiriciliği ve Balıklandırma Amacıyla Kullanımı (in Turkish). Trabzon, Turkey.
- Cankiriligil, E. C., Cakmak, E., & Ozcan Akpınar, I. (2016). Histological Development of the Digestive Tract of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) During Larval Ontogeny. In 41th CIESM Congress Living Resources & Marine Ecosystems Committe (p. 330).
- Davidson, J., & Good, C. (2016). A review of factors influencing maturation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with focus on water recirculation aquaculture system environments. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47(5), 605–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12342
- Dean, L. M. (1990). The seafood industry. In G. J. Martin (Ed.), Nutrition and Preparation (pp. 255–267). New York-U.S.A.: Van Nostrand Rainhold.
- Elliot, J. M. (1975). The growth rate of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fed on maximus rations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 44, 805–821.
- Emre, Y., & Kurum, V. (1998). Rainbow Trout Culture in Cage (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Minpa Publishing.
- European Commision. (2010). Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, 276, 1–79. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/legislation_en.htm
- European Commision. (2015). Overview report Implementation of the Rules on Finfish Aquaculture. Luxembourg: Directorare general for health and food safety, Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2875/402631
- European Commission. (2017). EU consumer habits regarding fishery and aquaculture products - Special Eurobarometer 450. Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.2771/443961
- FAO. (2017). FAO Global Capture Production database updated to 2015 Summary information. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-br186e.pdf
- Firidin, S., Cakmak, E., & Aksungur, N. (2012). The Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811)’s Embryonic Development Stages. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni, 2, 7–16.
- Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sladane-Stanley, G. H. A. (1957). Simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem, 226, 497–509. Geldiay, R., & Balik, S. (1996). Freshwater fishes of Turkey (in Turkish). Izmir, Turkey: Ege University Publisher, Fisheries Faculty.
- GRID. (1999). Biodiversity Report Georgia ’99, Endengared Species. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/georgia/State/species.htm
- Helland, S. J., Grisdale-Helland, B., & Nerland, S. (1996). A simple method for the measurement of daily feed intake of groups of fish in tanks. Aquaculture, 139, 157–163. Herrmann, M. L., Mittelhammer, R. C., & Lin, B. (1993). Import Demands for Norwegian Farmed Atlantic Salmon and Wild Pacific Salmon in North America, Japan and the EC. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D’agroeconomie, 41(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1993.tb03736.x
- Holden, M. J., & Reitt, D. F. S. (1974). Methods Of Resource İnvestigations And Their Application. In Manual Of Fisheries Science. Part 2 (p. 214). Rome, Italy: FAO.
- Horwitz, W. (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (Oma). Education Gaithersburg.
- Houde, E. D., & Scheckter, R. C. (1981). Growth rates, rations and cohort consumption of marine fish larvae in relation to prey concentrations.
- Hutchings, J. a, & Jones, M. E. B. (1998). Life history variation and growth rate thresholds for maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-22
- Innal, D., & Erk’akan, F. (2006). Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 16(1), 39–50.
- IUCN. (2016). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://www.iucnredlist.org
- Janssen, K., Chavanne, H., Berentsen, P., & Komen, H. (2015). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) – Current status of selective breeding in Europe.
- Ji, H., Li, J., & Liu, P. (2011). Regulation of Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism by Dietary N-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Juvenile Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 159, 49–56.
- Katz, J. (2016). Public Goods, Regulation and the Expansion of the Natural Resource Exploitation Frontier: The Future of Salmon Farming in Chile. In A. Hosono, M. Iizuka, & J. Katz (Eds.), Chile’s Salmon Industry (pp. 175–193). Springer Japan.
- Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biology, 8(6), e1000412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
- Knapp, G., Roheim, C. A., & Anderson, J. L. (2007). The World Salmon Farming Industry. In The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild and Farmed Salmon (pp. 57–75). Washington DC, U.S.A.: World Wildlife Fund.
- Kritsanapuntu, S., Chaitanawisuti, N., & Santaweesuk, W. (2013). Effects of dietary partial replacement of tuna oil by corn oil in formulated diets for growth performance and proximate composition of juvenile spotted babylon Babylonia areolata under hatchery conditions. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 4, 197–203.
- Liu, Y., Rosten, T. W., Henriksen, K., Hognes, E. S., Summerfelt, S., & Vinci, B. (2016). Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater. Aquacultural Engineering, 71, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.01.001
- Nanton, D. A., Vegusdal, A., Rora, A. M. B., Ruyter, B., Baeverfjord, G., & Torstensen, B. E. (2007). Muscle lipid storage pattern, composition, and adipocyte distribution in different parts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fish oil and vegetable oil. Aquaculture, 265(1–4), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.053
- Okumus, I. (2000). Coastal aquaculture: sustainable development, resource use and integrated environmental management. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 6, 151–154.
- Okumus, I., Bascinar, N., Alkan, M. Z., & Kurtoglu, I. Z. (1998). Kaynak Alabalığının (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Doğu Karadeniz Koşullarında Deniz Suyu Ve Tatlısu Ortamlarındaki Büyüme Ve Kültür Potansiyeli. In III. Doğu Anadolu Su Ürünleri Symposioum. Erzurum, Turkey.
- Öztan, A. (2005). Et bilimi ve teknolojisi (4th ed.). Ankara/Turkey.
- Palstra, A. P., & Planas, J. V. (2011). Fish under exercise. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37(2), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9505-0
- Peev, D., Vladimirov, V., Petrova, A. S., Anchev, M., Temniskova, D., Denchev, C. M., Ganeva, A., & Gussev, C. (2011). Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria, Volume 2 - Animals.
- Ricker, W. E. (1975). Computation and Interpretation of Biological Statistics of Fish Populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board. Can. Ottawa, Canada: Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service.
- Sahin, S. A., Bascinar, N., Kocabas, M., Tufan, B., Kose, S., & Okumus, I. (2011). Evaluation of Meat Yield, Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Cultured Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, 1814) and Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811) in Comparison with their Hybrid. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0211
- Slastenenko, E. (1956). Karadeniz Havzası Balıkları (in Turkish). (H. E. Altan, Ed.). Istanbul: Et ve Balık Kurumu Umum Müdürlüğü.
- Solomon, D. J. (2000). The biology and status of the Black Sea Salmon Salmo trutta labrax, EU Tacis Black Sea Environmental Programme.
- Svetovidov, A. N. (1984). Salmonidae. In P. J. P. Whitehead, B. M. L., J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, & E. Tortonese (Eds.), Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Vol. 1, pp. 373–385). Paris, France: Unesco.
- Tabak, I., Aksungur, M., Zengin, M., Yilmaz, C., Aksungur, N., Alkan, A., Zengin, B., & Misir, M. (2001). Karadeniz Alabalığının Biyo-Ekolojik Özelliklerinin ve Kültür İmkanlarının Araştırılması (in Turkish). Trabzon, Turkey.
- Taranger, G. L., Karlsen, O., Bannister, R. J., Glover, K. A., Husa, V., Karlsbakk, E., Kvamme, B. O., Boxaspen, K. K., Bjorn, P. A., Finstad, B., Madhun, A. S., Morton, H. C., & Svasand, T. (2015). Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(3), 997–1021. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu132
- Taylor, J. F., Martinez-Rubio, L., Pozo, J., Walton, J. M., Tinch, A. E., Migaud, H., & Tocher, D. R. (2015). Influence of dietary phospholipid on early development and performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 448, 262–272.
- Teletchea, F., & Fontaine, P. (2014). Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture. Fish and Fisheries, 15(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12006
- Torgersen, J. S., Koppang, E. O., Stien, L. H., Kohler, A., Pedersen, M. E., & Mrøkøre, T. (2014). Soft texture of Atlantic salmon fillets is associated with glycogen accumulation. PLoS ONE, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085551
- TSI. (2016). Turkish Statistical Institute, Fisheries Statistics 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2017, from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1005
- Ustaoglu, B., & Bircan, R. (1998). Karadeniz ’ deki (Sinop) Ağ Kafeslerde Yetiştirilen Gökkuşağı Alabalığının (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Büyüme ve Yem. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 22, 285–291.
- Uysal, I., & Alpbaz, A. (2002). Comparison of the Growth Performance and Mortality in Abant Trout (Salmo trutta abanticus Tortonese, 1954) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum , 1792) under Farming Conditions *. Tr J Zooloji, 26, 399–403.
- Videler, J. J. (1993). Swimming dynamics: work from muscles. In Fish swimming (pp. 139–163). Chapman and Hall.
- Wardle, C. S., Videler, J. J., & Altringham, J. D. (1995). Tuning in to fish swimming waves: Body form, swimming mode and muscle function. Journal of Experimental Biology, 198(8), 1629–1636. https://doi.org/10.1006/JFBI.1993.1038
- Yeakley, J. A., & Hughes, R. M. (2013). Global and Regional Context of Salmonids and Urban Areas. In J. A. Yeakley, K. G. Maas-Hebner, & R. M. Hughes (Eds.), Wild Salmonids in the Urbanizing Pacific Northwest (pp. 11–29). New York, U.S.A.: Springer.
- Zar, J. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. India: Pearson Education.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Mart 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Ocak 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1 |