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Zebra midyesinin (Dreissena polymorpha'nın (Pallas, 1771)) Türkiye'nin bazı su kaynaklarında yaşayan dar kıskaçlı kerevitler üzerinde ilk olarak gözlenmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 55 - 61, 15.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.1.10

Öz



Zebra midyeleri, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)
hidroelektrik ve nükleer güç sistemlerinde su akışını engellediğinden zararlı
bir istilacı epibiont türü olarak kabul edilir. D. polymorpha suyun
temizlenmesi, su görünürlüğünün arttırılması ve kirleticilerin filtrelenmesi
olarak rapor edilmesine rağmen, bazı balıkların ve sucul türlerin popülasyonu
ve büyüklüğü üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, zebra midyesi
Türkiye’deki bazı su kaynaklarındaki tatlısu ıstakozu üzerinde ilk defa
gözlemlenmiştir. Bireyler Türkiye’deki iki doğal göl
(Çıldır Gölü, Eğirdir
Gölü)
ve beş göletten (Altınyazı Baraj Gölü, Keban
Baraj Gölü, Küçükçekmece Gölü, Karpuzlu Baraj Gölü, Kadıköy Baraj Gölü)
toplanmıştır. Bu
çalışmada, kerevitlerin farklı vücut bölümlerine zebra midyesinin tutunması
belgelenmiştir. Cochran’s Q test sonuçları; kerevitin değişik bölümlerine
tutunan midye sayılarının farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koydu (P=0.000) (P
<0.001).
Zebra
midyelerin tatlısu ıstakozlarının üzerinde tutunma bölgeleri arasında
farklılığın tespit edilmesinin konakçı açısından bazı olumsuzluklara neden
olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Özellikle carapax bölgesinde yoğun tutunmaların;
hareket (beslenme, çiftleşme, predatörlerden kaçınma ve barınma). Pleopodal
bölgedeki midye bireyleri ise yumurta tutunumu ve taşınımını zorlaştırabilir.
Bu çalışma Türkiye
sularındaki Astacus leptodactylus üzerinde Dreissena polymorpha’nın
varlığı ile ilgili ilk rapordur.



Kaynakça

  • Ahne W. (1985). Argulus foliaceus L. and Pisicola geometra L. as mechanical vectors of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Journal of Fish Diseases 8:241–242.
  • Ackerman J.D., Smith B., Nichols S.J., Claudi R. (1994). A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha):comparisons with marine bivalves. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1169-1179, https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-157.
  • Alderman D.J., Polglase J.L. (1988). Pathogens, parasites and commensals. In: Holdich M, Lowery RS. (Eds.), Freshwater Crayfish: Biology. Management and Exploitation. Croom Helm, London 167–212.
  • Amato J.F.R., (2001). A new species of Stratiodrilus (Polychaeta, Histriobdellidae) from freshwater crayfishes of southern Brazil. Iheringia Série Zoologia 90:37–44, http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717.
  • Bauer R.T. (1989). Decapod crustacean grooming: functional morphology, adaptive value, and phylogenetic significance. Crustacean Issues 6:49-73.
  • Beran L. (2002). Aquatic molluscs of the Czech Republic distribution and its changes, habitats, dispersal, threat and protection, Red List. Sbornik prirodovedneho klubu v Uherskem Hradisti, Supplementum 10: 258p.
  • Bowman M.F., Bailey R.C. (1998). Upper pH tolerance limit of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 (11): 2119-2123, https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-155.
  • Brazner J.C., Jensen D.A. (2000). Zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)] colonization of rusty crayfish [Orconectes rusticus (Girard)] in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. American Midland.Naturalist 143:250–256, http://dx.doi.org/1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0250:ZMDPPC]2.0.CO;2
  • Cannon L.R.G., Jennings J.B. (1987). Occurrence and nutritional relationships of four ectosymbiotes of the freshwater crayfish Cherax dispar Riek and Cherax punctatus Clark (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine&Freshwater Research 38:419–427.
  • Ďuriš Z., Horka I., Kristian J., Kozak P. (2006). Some cases of macro-epibiosis on the invasive crayfish Orconectes limosus in the Czech Republic. Bulletin Francais Pêche Pisciculture 380–381:1325–1337, http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006038.
  • Ďuriš Z., Horka I., Petrusek A. (2007). Invasive zebra mussel colonisation of invasive crayfish: a case study. Hydrobiologia 590: 43-46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0755-x.
  • Edgerton B.F., Evans L.H., Stephens F.J., Overstreet R.M. (2002). Synopsis of freshwater crayfish diseases and commensal organisms. Aquaculture 206:57–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00865-1.
  • Feist S.W., Longshaw M., Canning E.U., Okamura B. (2001). Induction of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae. Diseases of Aquatatic Organisms 45:61–68, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao045061.
  • Geiger W., Alcorlo P., Baltanas A., Montes C. (2005). Impact of an introduced crustacean on the trophic webs of Mediterranean wetlands. Biological Invasions 7:49–73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-9635-8. Gollasch S. (1999). The Asian decapod Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1833) (Decapoda, Grapsidae) introduced in European waters, status quo and future perspective. Helgoländer Meeresun 52: 359-366.
  • Gonçalves V., Rebelo R., Gherardi F. (2013). Fouling of invasive Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) in Lake Fouling of invasive Trasimeno, Italy. Aquatic Invasions 8(1): 117–120, http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2013.8.1.14.
  • Griffiths R.W., Kovalak W.P., Schloesser D.W. (1989). The Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1997), in North America: Impact on Raw Water Users. In: EPRI Service Water System Reliability Improvement Seminar: Papers 11-27.
  • Harlıoglu M.M. (1999). The first record of Epistylis niagarae on Astacus leptodactylus in a crayfish rearing unit. Cip. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23:13–15.
  • Lajtner J., Klobucar G.I.V., Maguire I., Lucic A., Stambuk A., Erben R. (2005). They came from the Danube River-History and present status of Dreissena polymorpha and Orconectes limosus in Croatia, INWAT: Biological invasions in inland waters, Firenze, May 5-7, 42-43.
  • Lamanova A.I. (1971). Attachment by zebra mussels and acorn barnacles on crayfish. Hydrobiology Journal 6: 89–91.
  • Laurent P.J. (1994). Zebra Mussels on Crayfish, IAA Newsletter. 16 (4): 4-5.
  • Laurent P.J., Suscillon M. (1962). Les ecrevisses en France, Annales de la Station Centrale d’Hydrobiologie Appliquee 9: 333-395.
  • Mackie E.J., Chiquet-Ehrismann R., Pearson C.A., Inaguma Y., Taya K., Kawarada Y., Sakakura T. (1989). Tenascin is a stromal marker for epithelial malignancy in the mammary gland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84:4621-4625.
  • Mcmahon R.F. (1996). The physiological ecology of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha in North America and Europe. American Zoologist 36: 339-363.
  • Minchin D., Rosenthal H. (2002). Exotics for stocking and aquaculture, making correct decisions. In: Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management. (eds) E. Leppakoski, S Gollasch, S. Olenin. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 206-216.
  • Molloy D.P., Karatayev A.Y., Burlakova L.E., Kurandina D.P., Laruelle F. (1997). Natural enemies of zebra mussels: predators, parasites, and ecological competitors. Reviews in Fisheries Science 5: 27–97.
  • Morado J.F. (1995). Ciliate parasites and related diseases of Crustacea: a review. Reviews in Fisheries Science 3: 275–354.
  • Mühlegger M.J., Jirsa F., Konecny R., Sattmann H., Frank C. (2009). Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827 – a new fish parasite in Austria? Wien Klin Wochenschr. 121: 50–52.
  • Quaglio F., Morolli C., Galuppi R., Tampieri M.P., Bonoli C., Marcer F., Rotundo G., Germinara G.S. (2006). Sanitary-pathological examination of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard, 1852) in the Reno Valley. Freshwater Crayfish 15: 1–10.
  • Quinn J.P., Janssen J. (1989). Crayfish competition in southwestern Lake Michigan: a predator mediated bottleneck. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 5:75–85.
  • Petrusek A., Filipova L., Duris Z., Horka I., Kozak P., Policar T., Stambergova M., Kucera Z. (2006). Distribution of the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) in the Czech Republic. Past and present, Craynet, Bulletin Francais Pêche Pisciculture 4: 380-381:903-918, https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006030.
  • Rogers D., Hoffmann R., Oidtmann B. (2003). Diseases in selected Austropotamobius pallipes populations in England, In Holdich, D.M., Sibley, P.J., (eds), Management and Conservation of Crayfish, Proceedings of a conference, Nottingham Forest Footbal Club, 7 Nov., 2002, 169-174.
  • Romero X., Jiménez R. (2002). Histopathological survey of diseases and pathogens present in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens), cultured in Ecuador. Journal of Fish Diseases 25:653–667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00411.x. Simon K.S., Townsend C.R. (2003). Impacts of freshwater invaders at different levels of ecological organisation, with emphasis on salmonids and ecosystem consequences. Freshwater Biology 48: 982–994, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01069.x.
  • Smietana P. (1996). Attachment of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.) to the exoskeleton of Orconectes limosus (Raf.) from the Dabie Lake, Przeglad Zoologiczny. 40(1-2): 69-72.
  • Sprague V., Couch J. (1971). An annotated list of protozoan parasites, hyperparasites, and commensals of decapod crustacea. Journal of Protozoology 18(3):526-537. Stier D., Leisenring M.A., Kennedy M.G. (2001). Identifying Potential Zebra Mussel Colonization. The UMAP Journal 22.4.
  • Şaşi H., Berber S. (2005).Prevalence of Epistylis sp. Ehrenberg, 1832 (Peritrichia, Sessilida) on the narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) from Manyas Lake in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4(9): 789–793.
  • Toomey M.B., Mccabe D., Marsden J.E. (2002). Factors affecting the movement of adult zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Journal of North American Benthological Society 21 (3): 468-475.
  • Ward J.M., Ricciardi A. (2007). Impacts of Dreissena invasions on benthic macroinvertebrate communities: a metaanalysis. Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) 13:155–165, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00336.x.
  • Zar J.H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis, Fourth Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.

First observation of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)) on the narrow-clawed crayfish inhabiting in some water sources of Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 55 - 61, 15.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.1.10

Öz



The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) is considered as a harmful
invasive epibiont species for hydroelectric and nuclear power plants as it
reduces or blocks water flow in the plant systems. Although D. polymorpha is reported that it cleans
the water, increases water visibility, and filters out pollutants, it has
likewise negative impacts on the population and size of some fish and aquatic
species. In the present study, zebra mussels were observed for the first time.
On the narrow-clawed crayfish living in some water sources in Turkey. Specimens
were collected from two natural lakes (Çıldır Lake, Eğirdir Lake) and five
ponds (Altınyazı Dam Lake,
Keban Dam Lake, Küçükçekmece Lake, Karpuzlu Dam Lake,
Kadıköy Dam Lake) in Turkey. Attachments of the zebra mussel to the different
body parts of the narrow-clawed crayfish were documented in the present study.
Cochran’s Q test results showed that the numbers of mussels clinging to the
different parts of the crayfish varied (P=0.000) (P <0.001).
The
difference between the holding regions of zebra mussels on crayfish specimens
may cause some adverse effects on the host. Particularly the intensive grip on
the carapace partially obstruct the movement, feeding, mating, avoiding
predators, and shelter. mussel individuals in the pleopodal region may have
difficulty holding and transporting eggs. This study is the first report about
the occurrence of D. polymorpha on Astacus leptodactylus in Turkish waters.



Kaynakça

  • Ahne W. (1985). Argulus foliaceus L. and Pisicola geometra L. as mechanical vectors of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Journal of Fish Diseases 8:241–242.
  • Ackerman J.D., Smith B., Nichols S.J., Claudi R. (1994). A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha):comparisons with marine bivalves. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1169-1179, https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-157.
  • Alderman D.J., Polglase J.L. (1988). Pathogens, parasites and commensals. In: Holdich M, Lowery RS. (Eds.), Freshwater Crayfish: Biology. Management and Exploitation. Croom Helm, London 167–212.
  • Amato J.F.R., (2001). A new species of Stratiodrilus (Polychaeta, Histriobdellidae) from freshwater crayfishes of southern Brazil. Iheringia Série Zoologia 90:37–44, http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717.
  • Bauer R.T. (1989). Decapod crustacean grooming: functional morphology, adaptive value, and phylogenetic significance. Crustacean Issues 6:49-73.
  • Beran L. (2002). Aquatic molluscs of the Czech Republic distribution and its changes, habitats, dispersal, threat and protection, Red List. Sbornik prirodovedneho klubu v Uherskem Hradisti, Supplementum 10: 258p.
  • Bowman M.F., Bailey R.C. (1998). Upper pH tolerance limit of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 (11): 2119-2123, https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-155.
  • Brazner J.C., Jensen D.A. (2000). Zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)] colonization of rusty crayfish [Orconectes rusticus (Girard)] in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. American Midland.Naturalist 143:250–256, http://dx.doi.org/1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0250:ZMDPPC]2.0.CO;2
  • Cannon L.R.G., Jennings J.B. (1987). Occurrence and nutritional relationships of four ectosymbiotes of the freshwater crayfish Cherax dispar Riek and Cherax punctatus Clark (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine&Freshwater Research 38:419–427.
  • Ďuriš Z., Horka I., Kristian J., Kozak P. (2006). Some cases of macro-epibiosis on the invasive crayfish Orconectes limosus in the Czech Republic. Bulletin Francais Pêche Pisciculture 380–381:1325–1337, http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006038.
  • Ďuriš Z., Horka I., Petrusek A. (2007). Invasive zebra mussel colonisation of invasive crayfish: a case study. Hydrobiologia 590: 43-46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0755-x.
  • Edgerton B.F., Evans L.H., Stephens F.J., Overstreet R.M. (2002). Synopsis of freshwater crayfish diseases and commensal organisms. Aquaculture 206:57–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00865-1.
  • Feist S.W., Longshaw M., Canning E.U., Okamura B. (2001). Induction of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae. Diseases of Aquatatic Organisms 45:61–68, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao045061.
  • Geiger W., Alcorlo P., Baltanas A., Montes C. (2005). Impact of an introduced crustacean on the trophic webs of Mediterranean wetlands. Biological Invasions 7:49–73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-9635-8. Gollasch S. (1999). The Asian decapod Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1833) (Decapoda, Grapsidae) introduced in European waters, status quo and future perspective. Helgoländer Meeresun 52: 359-366.
  • Gonçalves V., Rebelo R., Gherardi F. (2013). Fouling of invasive Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) in Lake Fouling of invasive Trasimeno, Italy. Aquatic Invasions 8(1): 117–120, http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2013.8.1.14.
  • Griffiths R.W., Kovalak W.P., Schloesser D.W. (1989). The Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1997), in North America: Impact on Raw Water Users. In: EPRI Service Water System Reliability Improvement Seminar: Papers 11-27.
  • Harlıoglu M.M. (1999). The first record of Epistylis niagarae on Astacus leptodactylus in a crayfish rearing unit. Cip. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23:13–15.
  • Lajtner J., Klobucar G.I.V., Maguire I., Lucic A., Stambuk A., Erben R. (2005). They came from the Danube River-History and present status of Dreissena polymorpha and Orconectes limosus in Croatia, INWAT: Biological invasions in inland waters, Firenze, May 5-7, 42-43.
  • Lamanova A.I. (1971). Attachment by zebra mussels and acorn barnacles on crayfish. Hydrobiology Journal 6: 89–91.
  • Laurent P.J. (1994). Zebra Mussels on Crayfish, IAA Newsletter. 16 (4): 4-5.
  • Laurent P.J., Suscillon M. (1962). Les ecrevisses en France, Annales de la Station Centrale d’Hydrobiologie Appliquee 9: 333-395.
  • Mackie E.J., Chiquet-Ehrismann R., Pearson C.A., Inaguma Y., Taya K., Kawarada Y., Sakakura T. (1989). Tenascin is a stromal marker for epithelial malignancy in the mammary gland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84:4621-4625.
  • Mcmahon R.F. (1996). The physiological ecology of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha in North America and Europe. American Zoologist 36: 339-363.
  • Minchin D., Rosenthal H. (2002). Exotics for stocking and aquaculture, making correct decisions. In: Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management. (eds) E. Leppakoski, S Gollasch, S. Olenin. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 206-216.
  • Molloy D.P., Karatayev A.Y., Burlakova L.E., Kurandina D.P., Laruelle F. (1997). Natural enemies of zebra mussels: predators, parasites, and ecological competitors. Reviews in Fisheries Science 5: 27–97.
  • Morado J.F. (1995). Ciliate parasites and related diseases of Crustacea: a review. Reviews in Fisheries Science 3: 275–354.
  • Mühlegger M.J., Jirsa F., Konecny R., Sattmann H., Frank C. (2009). Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827 – a new fish parasite in Austria? Wien Klin Wochenschr. 121: 50–52.
  • Quaglio F., Morolli C., Galuppi R., Tampieri M.P., Bonoli C., Marcer F., Rotundo G., Germinara G.S. (2006). Sanitary-pathological examination of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard, 1852) in the Reno Valley. Freshwater Crayfish 15: 1–10.
  • Quinn J.P., Janssen J. (1989). Crayfish competition in southwestern Lake Michigan: a predator mediated bottleneck. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 5:75–85.
  • Petrusek A., Filipova L., Duris Z., Horka I., Kozak P., Policar T., Stambergova M., Kucera Z. (2006). Distribution of the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) in the Czech Republic. Past and present, Craynet, Bulletin Francais Pêche Pisciculture 4: 380-381:903-918, https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006030.
  • Rogers D., Hoffmann R., Oidtmann B. (2003). Diseases in selected Austropotamobius pallipes populations in England, In Holdich, D.M., Sibley, P.J., (eds), Management and Conservation of Crayfish, Proceedings of a conference, Nottingham Forest Footbal Club, 7 Nov., 2002, 169-174.
  • Romero X., Jiménez R. (2002). Histopathological survey of diseases and pathogens present in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens), cultured in Ecuador. Journal of Fish Diseases 25:653–667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00411.x. Simon K.S., Townsend C.R. (2003). Impacts of freshwater invaders at different levels of ecological organisation, with emphasis on salmonids and ecosystem consequences. Freshwater Biology 48: 982–994, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01069.x.
  • Smietana P. (1996). Attachment of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.) to the exoskeleton of Orconectes limosus (Raf.) from the Dabie Lake, Przeglad Zoologiczny. 40(1-2): 69-72.
  • Sprague V., Couch J. (1971). An annotated list of protozoan parasites, hyperparasites, and commensals of decapod crustacea. Journal of Protozoology 18(3):526-537. Stier D., Leisenring M.A., Kennedy M.G. (2001). Identifying Potential Zebra Mussel Colonization. The UMAP Journal 22.4.
  • Şaşi H., Berber S. (2005).Prevalence of Epistylis sp. Ehrenberg, 1832 (Peritrichia, Sessilida) on the narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) from Manyas Lake in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4(9): 789–793.
  • Toomey M.B., Mccabe D., Marsden J.E. (2002). Factors affecting the movement of adult zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Journal of North American Benthological Society 21 (3): 468-475.
  • Ward J.M., Ricciardi A. (2007). Impacts of Dreissena invasions on benthic macroinvertebrate communities: a metaanalysis. Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) 13:155–165, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00336.x.
  • Zar J.H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis, Fourth Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Selçuk Berber 0000-0003-1123-7217

A. Suat Ateş 0000-0002-4682-1926

Seçil Acar 0000-0002-6426-8095

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Berber, S., Ateş, A. S., & Acar, S. (2018). First observation of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)) on the narrow-clawed crayfish inhabiting in some water sources of Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 35(1), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.1.10