Research Article
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Plasma T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) Hormone Levels As Reference Values In Rehabilitated Healthy Gray Herons (Ardea cinerea)

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 251 - 257, 31.12.2021

Evrim Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.992819

Abstract

In the rehabilitation of wild birds, determining the release criteria is very important for the survival of the animal after its release to the nature. When determining these criteria, the clinical examinations and clinical data of the animals should be evaluated. Therefore, reference laboratory values play a vital role in determining release to nature. In this study, 15 (fifteen) adults and healty Gray heron (Ardea cinerea) were brought to the 'Kafkas University, Wild Animal Protection, Rescue, Rehabilitation Application and Research Center' clinic in May 2016, because their nests were destroyed as a result of the overturning of the plane tree in Iğdır province, and they did not leave their surroundings, were rehabilitated. Birds were kept in bird care rooms specially designed for their species in the rehabilitation center. The birds were taken blood 4 days after being rehabilitated and then released into the nature. Plasma T3 and T4 hormone levels in birds were determined as a result of the analysis of blood samples. It was concluded that the differences in plasma T3 and T4 hormone levels obtained from a total of 15 birds were due to the increasing physiological and metabolic needs during the captivity period in center.

Keywords

Bird physiology captivity Gray Heron rehabilitation thyroid hormones

Thanks

I greatly appreciated to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alp ERİLLİ (Cumhuriyet University) in the course of evaulating the data. For supporting this study I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sena ÇENESİZ & Prof. Dr. Metin ÇENESİZ (Ondokuz Mayis University), Prof. Dr. Erdoğan UZLU (Balıkesir University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Metin Öğün (Kafkas University).

References

  • Angelier, F., Parenteau, C., Ruault, S., & Angelier, N. (2016). Endocrine consequences of an acute stress under different thermal conditions: A study of corticosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in the pigeon (Columbia livia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 196, 38-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.010
  • Baos, R., Blas, J., Bortolotti, G.R., Marchant, T.A., & Hiraldo, F. (2006). Adrenocortical response to stress and thyroid hormone status in free-living nestling White storks (Ciconia ciconia) exposed to heavy metal and arsenic contamination. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(10), 1497-1501. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9099
  • Bennett, V.J., Fernández-Juricic, E., Zollner, P.A., Beard, M.J., Westphal, L., & Fisher, C.L. (2011). Modelling the responses of wildlife to human disturbance: An evaluation of alternative management scenarios for black-crowned night-herons. Ecological Modelling, 222(15), 2770-2779. DOI:10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2011.04.025
  • Bennett, K.A., Moss, S.E.W., Pomeroy, P., Speakman, J.R., & Fedak M.A. (2012). Effects of handling regime and sex on changes in cortisol, thyroid hormones and body mass in fasting grey seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 161(1), 69-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.003.
  • Cherel, Y., Durant, J.M., & Lacroixa, A. (2004). Plasma thyroid hormone pattern in king penguin chicks: a semi-altricial bird with an extended posthatching developmental period. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 136(3), 398-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.02.003.
  • Chastain, C.B., & Panciera, D.L. (1995). Hypothyroid diseases. 4th edition In: Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C. (Eds.), Chapter 115: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
  • Chastel, O., Lacroix, A., & Kersten, M. (2003). Pre-breeding energy requirements: thyroid hormone, metabolism and the timing of reproduction in house sparrows Passer domesticus. Journal of Avian Biology, 34(3), 298-306.
  • Cooke, P.S., Holsberger, D.R., Witorsch, R.J., Sylvester, P.W., Meredith, J.M., Treinen, K.A., & Chapin, R.E. (2004). Thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, and prolactin at thenexus of physiology, reproduction, and toxicology. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 194(3), 309-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.016.
  • Davis, G.S., Anderson, K.E., Carroll, A.S. (2000). The effects of long-term caging and molt of single comb white leghorn hens on herterophil to lymphocyte ratios, corticosterone and thyroid hormones. Poultry Science, 79(4), 514-518. DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.4.514.
  • Decuypere, E.P., Geyten, S.V., & Darras, V.M. (2005). Thyroid hormone availability and activity in avian species: A review. Domestic Animal Endocrionolgy, 29(1), 63-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.028.
  • Elliott, K. H., Welcker, J., Gaston, A.J., Scott, A.H., Palace, V., Hare, J.F., Speakman, J.R., & Anderson, W.G. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with resting metabolic rate, not daily energy expenditure, in two Charadriiform seabirds. Biology Open, 2(6), 580–586. DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134358
  • Derango, E. J., Greig, D.J., Ga ́lvez, C., Norris, T.A., Barbosa, L., Elorriaga-verplancken, F.R., & Crocker D.E. (2019). Response to capture stress involves multiple corticosteroids and is associated with serum thyroid hormone concentrations in Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi). Marine Mammal Science, 35(1), 72-92. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12517
  • Everds, N. C., Snyder, P.W., Bailey, K.L., Bolon, B., Creasy, D.M., Foley, G.L., Rosol, T.J., & Sellers, T. (2013). Interpreting stress responses during routine toxicity studies: A review of the biology, impact, and assessment. Toxicologic Pathology, 41(4), 560-614. DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466452.
  • Fischer, C.P., & Romero, L.M. (2018). Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific. Conservation Physiology, 7(1), 1-38. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz093
  • Groscolasand, R., & Leloup, J. (1989). The effect of severe starvation and captivity stress on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in an Antarctic bird (Emperor Penguin). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 73(1), 108-117. DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90061-0
  • Guerra, R.R., Glenison, F.D., Bernadino, G.S.M., Nailson, A.N.J., Guerra, F.V.F.M., Satake, F. & (2018). Hematological standards, hormonal indexes and gonadal morphology of roadside Hawks (Rupornis magnirostris). Archives of Veterinary Science, 23(1), 63-76. DOI: 10.5380/avs.v23i1.58580
  • Harr, K.E. (2002). Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 31(3): 140-151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2002.tb00295.x.
  • Helmreich, D., Crouch, M., Dorr, N., & Parfitt, D. (2006). Peripheral triiodothyronine (T3) levels during escapable and inescapable shock. Physiology and Behaviour, 87(1), 114-119. DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.010
  • Helmreich, D., Parfitt, D., Lu, X.Y., Akil, H., & Watson, S. (2005). Relation between the hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress. Neuroendocrinology, 81(3), 183-192. DOI: 10.1159/000087001.
  • Hudelson, K.S., & Hudelson, P.M. (2009). Endocrine considerations. Clinical Avian Medicine, 11, 541-558. Kaneko, J.J. (1997). Serum proteins and the dysproteins. 5th ed. In: Kaneko J.J., J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals - 6th Edition, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Morgan, K.N., & Tromborg, C.T. (2007). Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(3), 262-302. DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032
  • Nakao, N., Ono, H., & Yoshimura, T. (2008). Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions. Reproduction, 136(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.1530/REP-08-0041
  • Palme, R.S., Rettenbacher, C.T., EL-Bahr, S.M., & Möstl, E. (2005). Stress hormones in mammals and birds. comparative aspects regarding metabolism, excretion, and noninvasive measurement in fecal samples. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1040, 162-171. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.021
  • Scanes, C.G., & McNabb, F.M.A. (2003). Avian models for research in toxicology and endocrine disruption. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 14 (1), 21-52. DOI:10.3184/147020603783727021
  • Schmidt, R.E., & Reavill, D.R. (2008). The avian thyroid gland. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11(1), 15-23. DOI:10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008
  • Sørmo, E.G.V., Jüssi, I., Jüssi, M., Then, M.B., Skaare, J.U., & Jensen, B.M. (2005). Thyroid hormone status in Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in relation to organochlorine pollutants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24(3), 610-616. DOI:10.1897/04-017R.1
  • Spagnolo, V., Crippa, V., Marzia, A., & Sartorelli, P. (2006). Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 35(1), 82-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2006.tb00092.x.
  • Totzke, U., Fenske, M., Huppop, O., Raabe, H., & Schach, N. (1999). The influence of fasting on blood and plasma composition of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 72(4), 426-437. DOI: 10.1086/316675
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D., & Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Field endocrinology and conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 12-18. 10.1093/icb/45.1.12
  • Welcker, J., Chastel, O., Gabrielsen, G.W., Guillaumin, J., Kitaysky, A.S., Speakman, J.R., Tremblay, Y., & Bech, C. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with basal metabolic rate but not field metabolic rate in a wild bird species. PlusOne, 8(2), 1- 8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056229
  • Welcker, J., Speakman, J.R., Elliot, K.H., Hatch, S.A., & Kitaysky, A.S. (2015). Resting and daily energy expenditures during reproduction are adjusted in opposite directions in free-living birds. Functional Ecology, 29(2), 250-258. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12321
  • Wentworth, B.C., & Ringer, R.K. (1986). Thyroids. 4th ed. In: Sturkie PD (ed). Avian Physiology, New York: Springer- Verlag.
  • Zoeller, R.T., Tan, S.W., & Tyl, R.W. (2007). General background on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Critical Reviews Toxicology, 37(1-2), 11-53. DOI: 10.1080/10408440601123446.

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 251 - 257, 31.12.2021

Evrim Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.992819

Abstract

References

  • Angelier, F., Parenteau, C., Ruault, S., & Angelier, N. (2016). Endocrine consequences of an acute stress under different thermal conditions: A study of corticosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in the pigeon (Columbia livia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 196, 38-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.010
  • Baos, R., Blas, J., Bortolotti, G.R., Marchant, T.A., & Hiraldo, F. (2006). Adrenocortical response to stress and thyroid hormone status in free-living nestling White storks (Ciconia ciconia) exposed to heavy metal and arsenic contamination. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(10), 1497-1501. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9099
  • Bennett, V.J., Fernández-Juricic, E., Zollner, P.A., Beard, M.J., Westphal, L., & Fisher, C.L. (2011). Modelling the responses of wildlife to human disturbance: An evaluation of alternative management scenarios for black-crowned night-herons. Ecological Modelling, 222(15), 2770-2779. DOI:10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2011.04.025
  • Bennett, K.A., Moss, S.E.W., Pomeroy, P., Speakman, J.R., & Fedak M.A. (2012). Effects of handling regime and sex on changes in cortisol, thyroid hormones and body mass in fasting grey seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 161(1), 69-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.003.
  • Cherel, Y., Durant, J.M., & Lacroixa, A. (2004). Plasma thyroid hormone pattern in king penguin chicks: a semi-altricial bird with an extended posthatching developmental period. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 136(3), 398-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.02.003.
  • Chastain, C.B., & Panciera, D.L. (1995). Hypothyroid diseases. 4th edition In: Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C. (Eds.), Chapter 115: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
  • Chastel, O., Lacroix, A., & Kersten, M. (2003). Pre-breeding energy requirements: thyroid hormone, metabolism and the timing of reproduction in house sparrows Passer domesticus. Journal of Avian Biology, 34(3), 298-306.
  • Cooke, P.S., Holsberger, D.R., Witorsch, R.J., Sylvester, P.W., Meredith, J.M., Treinen, K.A., & Chapin, R.E. (2004). Thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, and prolactin at thenexus of physiology, reproduction, and toxicology. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 194(3), 309-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.016.
  • Davis, G.S., Anderson, K.E., Carroll, A.S. (2000). The effects of long-term caging and molt of single comb white leghorn hens on herterophil to lymphocyte ratios, corticosterone and thyroid hormones. Poultry Science, 79(4), 514-518. DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.4.514.
  • Decuypere, E.P., Geyten, S.V., & Darras, V.M. (2005). Thyroid hormone availability and activity in avian species: A review. Domestic Animal Endocrionolgy, 29(1), 63-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.028.
  • Elliott, K. H., Welcker, J., Gaston, A.J., Scott, A.H., Palace, V., Hare, J.F., Speakman, J.R., & Anderson, W.G. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with resting metabolic rate, not daily energy expenditure, in two Charadriiform seabirds. Biology Open, 2(6), 580–586. DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134358
  • Derango, E. J., Greig, D.J., Ga ́lvez, C., Norris, T.A., Barbosa, L., Elorriaga-verplancken, F.R., & Crocker D.E. (2019). Response to capture stress involves multiple corticosteroids and is associated with serum thyroid hormone concentrations in Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi). Marine Mammal Science, 35(1), 72-92. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12517
  • Everds, N. C., Snyder, P.W., Bailey, K.L., Bolon, B., Creasy, D.M., Foley, G.L., Rosol, T.J., & Sellers, T. (2013). Interpreting stress responses during routine toxicity studies: A review of the biology, impact, and assessment. Toxicologic Pathology, 41(4), 560-614. DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466452.
  • Fischer, C.P., & Romero, L.M. (2018). Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific. Conservation Physiology, 7(1), 1-38. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz093
  • Groscolasand, R., & Leloup, J. (1989). The effect of severe starvation and captivity stress on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in an Antarctic bird (Emperor Penguin). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 73(1), 108-117. DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90061-0
  • Guerra, R.R., Glenison, F.D., Bernadino, G.S.M., Nailson, A.N.J., Guerra, F.V.F.M., Satake, F. & (2018). Hematological standards, hormonal indexes and gonadal morphology of roadside Hawks (Rupornis magnirostris). Archives of Veterinary Science, 23(1), 63-76. DOI: 10.5380/avs.v23i1.58580
  • Harr, K.E. (2002). Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 31(3): 140-151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2002.tb00295.x.
  • Helmreich, D., Crouch, M., Dorr, N., & Parfitt, D. (2006). Peripheral triiodothyronine (T3) levels during escapable and inescapable shock. Physiology and Behaviour, 87(1), 114-119. DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.010
  • Helmreich, D., Parfitt, D., Lu, X.Y., Akil, H., & Watson, S. (2005). Relation between the hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress. Neuroendocrinology, 81(3), 183-192. DOI: 10.1159/000087001.
  • Hudelson, K.S., & Hudelson, P.M. (2009). Endocrine considerations. Clinical Avian Medicine, 11, 541-558. Kaneko, J.J. (1997). Serum proteins and the dysproteins. 5th ed. In: Kaneko J.J., J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals - 6th Edition, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Morgan, K.N., & Tromborg, C.T. (2007). Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(3), 262-302. DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032
  • Nakao, N., Ono, H., & Yoshimura, T. (2008). Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions. Reproduction, 136(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.1530/REP-08-0041
  • Palme, R.S., Rettenbacher, C.T., EL-Bahr, S.M., & Möstl, E. (2005). Stress hormones in mammals and birds. comparative aspects regarding metabolism, excretion, and noninvasive measurement in fecal samples. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1040, 162-171. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.021
  • Scanes, C.G., & McNabb, F.M.A. (2003). Avian models for research in toxicology and endocrine disruption. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 14 (1), 21-52. DOI:10.3184/147020603783727021
  • Schmidt, R.E., & Reavill, D.R. (2008). The avian thyroid gland. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11(1), 15-23. DOI:10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008
  • Sørmo, E.G.V., Jüssi, I., Jüssi, M., Then, M.B., Skaare, J.U., & Jensen, B.M. (2005). Thyroid hormone status in Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in relation to organochlorine pollutants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24(3), 610-616. DOI:10.1897/04-017R.1
  • Spagnolo, V., Crippa, V., Marzia, A., & Sartorelli, P. (2006). Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 35(1), 82-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2006.tb00092.x.
  • Totzke, U., Fenske, M., Huppop, O., Raabe, H., & Schach, N. (1999). The influence of fasting on blood and plasma composition of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 72(4), 426-437. DOI: 10.1086/316675
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D., & Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Field endocrinology and conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 12-18. 10.1093/icb/45.1.12
  • Welcker, J., Chastel, O., Gabrielsen, G.W., Guillaumin, J., Kitaysky, A.S., Speakman, J.R., Tremblay, Y., & Bech, C. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with basal metabolic rate but not field metabolic rate in a wild bird species. PlusOne, 8(2), 1- 8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056229
  • Welcker, J., Speakman, J.R., Elliot, K.H., Hatch, S.A., & Kitaysky, A.S. (2015). Resting and daily energy expenditures during reproduction are adjusted in opposite directions in free-living birds. Functional Ecology, 29(2), 250-258. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12321
  • Wentworth, B.C., & Ringer, R.K. (1986). Thyroids. 4th ed. In: Sturkie PD (ed). Avian Physiology, New York: Springer- Verlag.
  • Zoeller, R.T., Tan, S.W., & Tyl, R.W. (2007). General background on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Critical Reviews Toxicology, 37(1-2), 11-53. DOI: 10.1080/10408440601123446.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Evrim Sönmez 0000-0002-5412-5728

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date September 8, 2021
Acceptance Date December 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sönmez, E. (2021). Plasma T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) Hormone Levels As Reference Values In Rehabilitated Healthy Gray Herons (Ardea cinerea). Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(3), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.992819
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