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Düzenli ve Sürekli Egzersizin Oksidatif Stres ve Apoptozise Etkisi

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 17 - 21, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1017787

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, ratlarda zorlayıcı veya yoğun bir şekilde yapılan akut egzersiz ile düzenli ve sürekli olarak yapılan egzersizin oksidatif stres parametreleri ve apoptozis ile ilişkili Bax ve Bcl-2 protein düzeyleri üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada 35 adet Wistar-Albino ırkı erkek sıçanlardan, her grupta 7 adet olacak şekilde 1 kontrol ve 4 deney grubu oluşturuldu. Kontrol grubuna egzersiz yaptırılmadı, diğer dört gruba her gün 20 derece eğimli koşu bandında 1 saat boyunca 1.5 km/h hızında egzersiz yaptırıldı. Kontrol ve 1.grup 1. günün, 2.grup 7. günün, 3.grup 15. günün ve 4.grup 30. günün sonunda, anestezi altında sakrifiye edildi. Kas ve plazmada, lipid peroksidasyonunun göstergesi olarak Malondialdehit(MDA), antioksidan göstergesi olarak Glutatyon(GSH), Katalaz(CAT), Glutatyon Peroksidaz(GSH-Px) seviyelerine bakıldı. İskelet kasındaki apoptozis için de Bax ve Bcl-2 protein ekspresyon düzeylerine bakıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, akut egzersiz sonrası iskelet kası ve plazma MDA değerleri yükselirken (P<0,05), düzenli ve sürekli egzersize devam ettikten sonra, iskelet kası ve plazma GSH-Px, CAT değerlerinde anlamlı artış olduğu belirlendi (P<0,01). Akut egzersizde Bax protein eksprasyon düzeyinin arttığı, Bcl-2 protein eksprasyon düzeyinin azaldığı ve Bax/Bcl-2 oranın arttığı (p<0,05) görüldü. Sonuç olarak, düzenli ve sürekli egzersizin oksidatif strese karşı koruyucu etkisinin olduğu ve akut egzersizle tetiklenen apoptozisin düzenli ve sürekli egzersizle baskılanabileceği kanısına varıldı.

Supporting Institution

FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Project Number

VF.19.10

References

  • Biddle SJH. European perspectives on exercise and sport psychology. Exerc. Motiv. across life span, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1995, p. 3–25.
  • Savcı S, Öztürk M, Arıkan H, ünal ince D, Tokgözoğlu L. Physical activity levels of university students. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2006;34:166–72.
  • Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Villiotou V, Pouliopoulou S, Fotinakis P, Taxildaris K, et al. Oxidative stress responses in older men during endurance training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:2065–72. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000147632.17450.ff.
  • Mooren FC, Lechtermann A, Volker K. Exercise-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes depends on training status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:1476–83. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139897.34521.e9.
  • Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008;88:1243–76. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007.
  • Gomez-Cabrera M-C, Borras C, Pallardo F V, Sastre J, Ji LL, Vina J. Decreasing xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidative stress prevents useful cellular adaptations to exercise in rats. J Physiol 2005;567:113–20. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.080564.
  • Leeuwenburgh C, Hansen PA, Holloszy JO, Heinecke JW. Hydroxyl radical generation during exercise increases mitochondrial protein oxidation and levels of urinary dityrosine. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:186–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00071-4.
  • Ji LL. Antioxidant enzyme response to exercise and aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:225–31.
  • Atamaniuk J, Stuhlmeier KM, Vidotto C, Tschan H, Dossenbach-Glaninger A, Mueller MM. Effects of ultra-marathon on circulating DNA and mRNA expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in mononuclear cells. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104:711–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0827-2.
  • Mooren FC, Bloming D, Lechtermann A, Lerch MM, Volker K. Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 2002;93:147–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01262.2001.
  • Song W, Kwak H-B, Lawler JM. Exercise training attenuates age-induced changes in apoptotic signaling in rat skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:517–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.517.
  • Bass JJ, Wilkinson DJ, Rankin D, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, et al. An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017;27:4–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12702.
  • Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch I. Expressing Cloned Genes for Protein Production, Purification, and Analysis. Mol. Cloning A Lab. Man. 4th ed., New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2012, p. 1599–625.
  • Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC. Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal Biochem 1966;16:359–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9.
  • Lawrence RA, Burk RF. Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976;71:952–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(76)90747-6.
  • Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem 1968;25:192–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(68)90092-4.
  • Goth L. A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. Clin Chim Acta 1991;196:143–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(91)90067-m.
  • Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75.
  • Konig D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I, Berg A. Exercise and oxidative stress: significance of antioxidants with reference to inflammatory, muscular, and systemic stress. Exerc Immunol Rev 2001;7:108–33.
  • Cooper CE, Vollaard NB, Choueiri T, Wilson MT. Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:280–5. https://doi.org/10.1042/.
  • Chevion S, Moran DS, Heled Y, Shani Y, Regev G, Abbou B, et al. Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:5119–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0831097100.
  • Aguilo A, Tauler P, Pilar Guix M, Villa G, Cordova A, Tur JA, et al. Effect of exercise intensity and training on antioxidants and cholesterol profile in cyclists. J Nutr Biochem 2003;14:319–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00052-4.
  • Radak Z, Sasvari M, Nyakas C, Pucsok J, Nakamoto H, Goto S. Exercise preconditioning against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in proteins of rat myocardium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000;376:248–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.1719.
  • Atalay M, Oksala NKJ, Laaksonen DE, Khanna S, Nakao C, Lappalainen J, et al. Exercise training modulates heat shock protein response in diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:605–11. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01183.2003.
  • Banerjee AK, Mandal A, Chanda D, Chakraborti S. Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;253:307–12. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026032404105.
  • Çelik A, Varol R, Onat T, Dağdelen Y, Tugay F. Akut Egzersizin futbolcularda Antioksidan Sistem Parametrelerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Derg 2007;5:167–72. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000087.
  • Knez WL, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS. Oxidative stress in half and full Ironman triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:283–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000246999.09718.0c.
  • Biral D, Jakubiec-Puka A, Ciechomska I, Sandri M, Rossini K, Carraro U, et al. Loss of dystrophin and some dystrophin-associated proteins with concomitant signs of apoptosis in rat leg muscle overworked in extension. Acta Neuropathol 2000;100:618–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004010000231.
  • Kocturk S, Kayatekin BM, Resmi H, Acikgoz O, Kaynak C, Ozer E. The apoptotic response to strenuous exercise of the gastrocnemius and solues muscle fibers in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;102:515–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0612-7.
  • Kruger K, Mooren FC. Exercise-induced leukocyte apoptosis. Exerc Immunol Rev 2014;20:117–34.
  • Werner C, Hanhoun M, Widmann T, Kazakov A, Semenov A, Poss J, et al. Effects of physical exercise on myocardial telomere-regulating proteins, survival pathways, and apoptosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:470–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.034.
  • Marzetti E, Privitera G, Simili V, Wohlgemuth SE, Aulisa L, Pahor M, et al. Multiple pathways to the same end: mechanisms of myonuclear apoptosis in sarcopenia of aging. ScientificWorldJournal 2010;10:340–9. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.27.
  • Siu PM, Bryner RW, Martyn JK, Alway SE. Apoptotic adaptations from exercise training in skeletal and cardiac muscles. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 2004;18:1150–2. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-1291fje.
  • Quadrilatero J, Alway SE, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Skeletal muscle apoptotic response to physical activity: potential mechanisms for protection. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab = Physiol Appl Nutr Metab 2011;36:608–17. https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-064.
  • Mikami T, Sumida S, Ishibashi Y, Ohta S. Endurance exercise training inhibits activity of plasma GOT and liver caspase-3 of mice [correction of rats] exposed to stress by induction of heat shock protein 70. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1776–81. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00795.2002.
  • Levada-Pires AC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Gorjao R, Hirabara SM, Puggina EF, Pellegrinotti IL, et al. Induction of lymphocyte death by short- and long-duration triathlon competitions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1896–901. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a327a2.
  • Quadrilatero J, Hoffman-Goetz L. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine prevents exercise-induced intestinal lymphocyte apoptosis by maintaining intracellular glutathione levels and reducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;319:894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.068.
  • Kruger K, Frost S, Most E, Volker K, Pallauf J, Mooren FC. Exercise affects tissue lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009;296:R1518-27. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90994.2008.
  • Sim Y-J, Kim H, Kim J-Y, Yoon S-J, Kim S-S, Chang H-K, et al. Long-term treadmill exercise overcomes ischemia-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death in gerbils. Physiol Behav 2005;84:733–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.02.019.

Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 17 - 21, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1017787

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of intense acute exercise and regular and continuous exercise on oxidative stress parameters and apoptosis-related Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels in rats. In the study, 1 control and 4 experimental groups were formed from 35 male Wistar-Albino rats, 7 in each group. The control group was not exercised, the other four groups exercised at a speed of 1.5 km/h for 1 hour on a 20 degree incline treadmill every day. Control and 1st group at the end of the 1st day, 2nd group 7th day, 3rd group 15th day and 4th group 30th day were sacrificed under anesthesia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels as an antioxidant indicator in muscle and plasma levels were measured. Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression levels were also checked for apoptosis in skeletal muscle. According to the results obtained, skeletal muscle and plasma MDA values increased after acute exercise (P<0.05), while skeletal muscle and plasma GSH-Px, CAT values increased significantly after continuing regular and continuous exercise (P<0.01). It was observed that Bax protein expression level increased, Bcl-2 protein expression level decreased and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased in acute exercise (p<0.05). As a result, it was concluded that regular and continuous exercise has a protective effect against oxidative stress and apoptosis triggered by acute exercise can be suppressed by regular and continuous exercise.

Project Number

VF.19.10

References

  • Biddle SJH. European perspectives on exercise and sport psychology. Exerc. Motiv. across life span, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1995, p. 3–25.
  • Savcı S, Öztürk M, Arıkan H, ünal ince D, Tokgözoğlu L. Physical activity levels of university students. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2006;34:166–72.
  • Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Villiotou V, Pouliopoulou S, Fotinakis P, Taxildaris K, et al. Oxidative stress responses in older men during endurance training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:2065–72. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000147632.17450.ff.
  • Mooren FC, Lechtermann A, Volker K. Exercise-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes depends on training status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:1476–83. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139897.34521.e9.
  • Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008;88:1243–76. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007.
  • Gomez-Cabrera M-C, Borras C, Pallardo F V, Sastre J, Ji LL, Vina J. Decreasing xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidative stress prevents useful cellular adaptations to exercise in rats. J Physiol 2005;567:113–20. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.080564.
  • Leeuwenburgh C, Hansen PA, Holloszy JO, Heinecke JW. Hydroxyl radical generation during exercise increases mitochondrial protein oxidation and levels of urinary dityrosine. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:186–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00071-4.
  • Ji LL. Antioxidant enzyme response to exercise and aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:225–31.
  • Atamaniuk J, Stuhlmeier KM, Vidotto C, Tschan H, Dossenbach-Glaninger A, Mueller MM. Effects of ultra-marathon on circulating DNA and mRNA expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in mononuclear cells. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104:711–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0827-2.
  • Mooren FC, Bloming D, Lechtermann A, Lerch MM, Volker K. Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 2002;93:147–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01262.2001.
  • Song W, Kwak H-B, Lawler JM. Exercise training attenuates age-induced changes in apoptotic signaling in rat skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:517–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.517.
  • Bass JJ, Wilkinson DJ, Rankin D, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, et al. An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017;27:4–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12702.
  • Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch I. Expressing Cloned Genes for Protein Production, Purification, and Analysis. Mol. Cloning A Lab. Man. 4th ed., New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2012, p. 1599–625.
  • Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC. Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal Biochem 1966;16:359–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9.
  • Lawrence RA, Burk RF. Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976;71:952–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(76)90747-6.
  • Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem 1968;25:192–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(68)90092-4.
  • Goth L. A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. Clin Chim Acta 1991;196:143–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(91)90067-m.
  • Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75.
  • Konig D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I, Berg A. Exercise and oxidative stress: significance of antioxidants with reference to inflammatory, muscular, and systemic stress. Exerc Immunol Rev 2001;7:108–33.
  • Cooper CE, Vollaard NB, Choueiri T, Wilson MT. Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:280–5. https://doi.org/10.1042/.
  • Chevion S, Moran DS, Heled Y, Shani Y, Regev G, Abbou B, et al. Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:5119–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0831097100.
  • Aguilo A, Tauler P, Pilar Guix M, Villa G, Cordova A, Tur JA, et al. Effect of exercise intensity and training on antioxidants and cholesterol profile in cyclists. J Nutr Biochem 2003;14:319–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00052-4.
  • Radak Z, Sasvari M, Nyakas C, Pucsok J, Nakamoto H, Goto S. Exercise preconditioning against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in proteins of rat myocardium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000;376:248–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.1719.
  • Atalay M, Oksala NKJ, Laaksonen DE, Khanna S, Nakao C, Lappalainen J, et al. Exercise training modulates heat shock protein response in diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:605–11. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01183.2003.
  • Banerjee AK, Mandal A, Chanda D, Chakraborti S. Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;253:307–12. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026032404105.
  • Çelik A, Varol R, Onat T, Dağdelen Y, Tugay F. Akut Egzersizin futbolcularda Antioksidan Sistem Parametrelerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Derg 2007;5:167–72. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000087.
  • Knez WL, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS. Oxidative stress in half and full Ironman triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:283–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000246999.09718.0c.
  • Biral D, Jakubiec-Puka A, Ciechomska I, Sandri M, Rossini K, Carraro U, et al. Loss of dystrophin and some dystrophin-associated proteins with concomitant signs of apoptosis in rat leg muscle overworked in extension. Acta Neuropathol 2000;100:618–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004010000231.
  • Kocturk S, Kayatekin BM, Resmi H, Acikgoz O, Kaynak C, Ozer E. The apoptotic response to strenuous exercise of the gastrocnemius and solues muscle fibers in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;102:515–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0612-7.
  • Kruger K, Mooren FC. Exercise-induced leukocyte apoptosis. Exerc Immunol Rev 2014;20:117–34.
  • Werner C, Hanhoun M, Widmann T, Kazakov A, Semenov A, Poss J, et al. Effects of physical exercise on myocardial telomere-regulating proteins, survival pathways, and apoptosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:470–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.034.
  • Marzetti E, Privitera G, Simili V, Wohlgemuth SE, Aulisa L, Pahor M, et al. Multiple pathways to the same end: mechanisms of myonuclear apoptosis in sarcopenia of aging. ScientificWorldJournal 2010;10:340–9. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.27.
  • Siu PM, Bryner RW, Martyn JK, Alway SE. Apoptotic adaptations from exercise training in skeletal and cardiac muscles. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 2004;18:1150–2. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-1291fje.
  • Quadrilatero J, Alway SE, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Skeletal muscle apoptotic response to physical activity: potential mechanisms for protection. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab = Physiol Appl Nutr Metab 2011;36:608–17. https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-064.
  • Mikami T, Sumida S, Ishibashi Y, Ohta S. Endurance exercise training inhibits activity of plasma GOT and liver caspase-3 of mice [correction of rats] exposed to stress by induction of heat shock protein 70. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1776–81. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00795.2002.
  • Levada-Pires AC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Gorjao R, Hirabara SM, Puggina EF, Pellegrinotti IL, et al. Induction of lymphocyte death by short- and long-duration triathlon competitions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1896–901. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a327a2.
  • Quadrilatero J, Hoffman-Goetz L. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine prevents exercise-induced intestinal lymphocyte apoptosis by maintaining intracellular glutathione levels and reducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;319:894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.068.
  • Kruger K, Frost S, Most E, Volker K, Pallauf J, Mooren FC. Exercise affects tissue lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009;296:R1518-27. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90994.2008.
  • Sim Y-J, Kim H, Kim J-Y, Yoon S-J, Kim S-S, Chang H-K, et al. Long-term treadmill exercise overcomes ischemia-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death in gerbils. Physiol Behav 2005;84:733–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.02.019.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration, Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatih Çakar 0000-0002-7551-4087

Abdurrauf Yüce 0000-0003-2928-5970

Gözde Arkalı 0000-0002-0850-7557

Project Number VF.19.10
Early Pub Date June 29, 2022
Publication Date June 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakar, F., Yüce, A., & Arkalı, G. (2022). Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 11(2), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1017787
AMA Çakar F, Yüce A, Arkalı G. Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. TJNS. June 2022;11(2):17-21. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1017787
Chicago Çakar, Fatih, Abdurrauf Yüce, and Gözde Arkalı. “Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 11, no. 2 (June 2022): 17-21. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1017787.
EndNote Çakar F, Yüce A, Arkalı G (June 1, 2022) Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 11 2 17–21.
IEEE F. Çakar, A. Yüce, and G. Arkalı, “Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis”, TJNS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 17–21, 2022, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1017787.
ISNAD Çakar, Fatih et al. “Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 11/2 (June 2022), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1017787.
JAMA Çakar F, Yüce A, Arkalı G. Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. TJNS. 2022;11:17–21.
MLA Çakar, Fatih et al. “Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, pp. 17-21, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1017787.
Vancouver Çakar F, Yüce A, Arkalı G. Effects of Regular and Continuous Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. TJNS. 2022;11(2):17-21.

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