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Experimental and Statistical Investigation of The Effects of Heat-Assisted Turning of AISI 4340 Steel on Dimensional Stability and Surface Roughness

Year 2024, EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1

Atakan Uğraş Fırat Kafkas

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1409419

Abstract

In this paper, to improve workpiece material dimensional stability properties and surface quality used heat-assisted machining method (HAM). Power consumed for cutting (Pc, kW) and work material temperature (Tmr, °C) were determined by online measurements. In offline measurements deviation value in diameter measurement (DDM, µm) was determined by measuring workpiece diameter, and surface roughness (Ra, µm) was measured. Through the HAM method, maximum reduction of 14.43% was achieved in the Pc value. While the DDM value is 80 µm in conventional machining in the same cutting conditions, it decreases to 50 µm in the HAM method. While the surface roughness (Ra, µm) value is 2,66 µm in conventional machining, it decreases to 2,42 µm in the HAM method. According to the statistical analysis results, the most effective process parameter on the DDM value and surface roughness is the feed rate (f). It is followed by the processing method. The HAM method was found to have a significant effect on both. Since preheating cannot be done simultaneously with cutting, the heat produced causes expansion in the volume of the work material. This makes it difficult to machine parts that have precise dimensional tolerances using the TIG-based HAM method.

Keywords

Heat-assisted machining Dimensional stability Surface roughness TIG AISI 4340

References

  • [1] Ding H, Shin YC. "Laser-assisted machining of hardened steel parts with surface integrity analysis", International Journal of Machine tools and manufacture, 50:106114, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.09.001
  • [2] Zhao C, Xia Y, Chen X, Jiang Y, He Y, Pan S. "Thermal error detection and compensation technology for spindle of horizontal CNC machine tool with large torque", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107:85–96, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05015-4
  • [3] Zahoor S, Mufti NA, Saleem MQ, Mughal MP, Qureshi MAM. "Effect of machine tool’s spindle forced vibrations on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and tool wear in vertical milling of AISI P20", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89:3671–3679, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9346-1
  • [4] Pandey P, Gupta VK. "Duplex machining: An innovative approach for better dimensional accuracy and surface finish", International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, 10:153–167, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2011.040860
  • [5] Ali SHR, Mohamd OM. "Dimensional and geometrical form accuracy of circular pockets manufactured for aluminum, copper and steel materials on CNC milling machine using CMM", International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 17:64–73, (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.17.64
  • [6] Tian A, Du X, Liu S, Jin S. "Characterization of Dimensional Variations in Turning Process for Multistep Rotary Shaft of High-Speed Motorized Spindle", Machines, 11:561, (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11050561
  • [7] Manikandan H, Chandra Bera T. "Modelling of dimensional and geometric error prediction in turning of thin-walled components", Precision Engineering, 72:382–396, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2021.05.013
  • [8] Dhale SR, Deshmukh BB. "WEDM with different diameter wire electrodes on Inconel 718: Improved dimensional deviation, wire consumption and surface quality", Materials Today: Proceedings, 72:896–903, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.088
  • [9] Zahoor S, Azam HA, Mughal MP, Ahmed N, Rehman M, Hussain A. "WEDM of complex profile of IN718: multi-objective GA-based optimization of surface roughness, dimensional deviation, and cutting speed", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 114:2289–2307, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06916-8
  • [10] Şahinoğlu A, Güllü A, "CuZn39Pb3 malzemenin torna tezgâhında işlenmesinde oluşan akım, ses şiddeti, titreşim ve yüzey pürüzlülük değeri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi", Politeknik Dergisi, 23:615–624, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.426106
  • [11] Dongre G, Rajurkar A, Patil S, Raut R, Joseph N, Mote V, "Effect of cooling technique and tool material on Ti6Al4V alloy", Materials Today: Proceedings, 80:1567–1572, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.391
  • [12] Ahmadi Khatir F, Hossein Sadeghi M, Akar S. "Investigation of surface roughness in laser-assisted hard turning of AISI 4340", Materials Today: Proceedings, 38:3085–3090, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.480
  • [13] Rao TB. "Reliability analysis of the cutting tool in plasma-assisted turning and prediction of machining characteristics", Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 20:1020–1034, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2020.1769458
  • [14] Ke J, Chen X, Liu C, Xu G, She Z, Zhang J, "Ultra-precision cutting characteristics of binderless tungsten carbide by in-heat-process laser-assisted diamond machining", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 115:106311, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106311
  • [15] Kainth, G. S., Chaturvedi MN. "Theoretical investigation of temperature in hot machining", International Journal of Machine Tool Design and Research, 156:241–256, (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7357(75)90014-1
  • [16] Hameed S, Rojas HAG, Benavides JIP, Alberro AN, Egea AJS. "Influence of the regime of electropulsing-assisted machining on the plastic deformation of the layer being cut", Materials,11:1–11, (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11060886
  • [17] Kukliński M, Przestacki D, Bartkowska A, Kieruj P, Radek N. "Conventional and laser-assisted machining of laser-borided Monel 400 alloy", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126:5677–5687, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11477-z
  • [18] Rao TB. "Reliability analysis of the cutting tool in plasma-assisted turning and prediction of machining characteristics", Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 20:1020–1034, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2020.1769458
  • [19] Wei C, Guo W, Pratomo ES, Li Q, Wang D, Whitehead D. "High speed, high power density laser-assisted machining of Al-SiC metal matrix composite with significant increase in productivity and surface quality", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 285:116784, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116784
  • [20] Hedberg GK, Shin YC, Xu L. "Laser-assisted milling of Ti-6Al-4V with the consideration of surface integrity", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 79:1645–1658, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6942-4
  • [21] Olsson M, Akujärvi V, Ståhl JE, Bushlya V. "Cryogenic and hybrid induction-assisted machining strategies as alternatives for conventional machining of refractory tungsten and niobium", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 97:105520, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105520
  • [22] Parida AK, Maity K. "Study of machinability in heat-assisted machining of nickel-base alloy", Measurement, 170:108682, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108682
  • [23] Çelebi A. "Deformation and Microstructural Analysis of Fiber Laser and TIG Welding of Thin Ti6Al4V Sheet by Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM)", Politeknik Dergisi, 23:1183–1188, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581574
  • [24] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "Isı destekli işlemede TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", 10 th Int. Congr. Mach., Antalya, 69–75(2019).
  • [25] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "AISI 4340 çeliğinin ısı destekli işlenmesinde TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", 11th Int. Congr. Mach., Virtual, 245–252 (2021).
  • [26] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "Sertleştirilmiş AISI 4340 çeliğin ısı -destekli işlenmesinde TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", İmalat Teknolojileri ve Uygulamaları,1:40–48(2020).
  • [27] Akdulum A, Kayır Y. "Investigation of the Effect of U Drills with Different Properties on Thrust Force, Torque and Spindle Load", Politeknik Dergisi, 26:387–400, (2023). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1113301
  • [28] Erdemir F, Özkan MT. "Application of Taguchi Method for Optimization of Design Parameters in Enhancement The Robust of “C” Type Snap-fits", Politeknik Dergisi, 25:1385–1395, (2022). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1076061
  • [29] Venkatesh KM, Kuppan P, Senthil KA, Ramesh KK, John RJ. "Effect of laser scan speed on surface temperature, cutting forces and tool wear during laser assisted machining of alumina", Procedia Engineering, 97:1647–1656, (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.315
  • [30] Callister WD, Rethwisch DG. "Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction", Eighth Edition, Wiley, USA, A29, (2007).
  • [31] Karpuschewski B, Kundrák J, Varga G, Deszpoth I, Borysenko D. "Determination of specific cutting force components and exponents when applying high feed rates", Procedia CIRP, 77:30–33, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.199
  • [32] O’Sullivan D, Cotterell M. "Temperature measurement in single point turning", Journal of materials processing technology, 118:301–308, (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00853-6
  • [33] Carrino L, Giorleo G, Polini W, Prisco U. "Dimensional errors in longitudinal turning based on the unified generalized mechanics of cutting approach. Part I: Three-dimensional theory", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 42:1517–1515, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00117-7
  • [34] Boothroyd G, Knight WA. "Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tool", 3rd edition, CRC Press, USA, 82, (2006).
  • [35] Erdem S, Özdemir M, Rafighi M, Yavuz M. "1.2367 Sıcak İş Takım Çeliğinin Sert Tornalanmasında Kesme Parametrelerin Yüzey Pürüzlülüğü ve Kesme Kuvvetleri Üzerinde Etkisi", Politeknik Dergisi, 26:1071–1077, (2023). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1059568

AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi

Year 2024, EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1

Atakan Uğraş Fırat Kafkas

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1409419

Abstract

Bu çalışmada iş malzemesinin boyutsal kararlılık özelliklerini ve yüzey kalitesini iyileştirmek için ısı destekli işleme (IDİ) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çevrimiçi ölçümler yapılarak kesme için harcanan güç (Pc, kW) ve iş malzemesi sıcaklığı (Tmr, °C) belirlenmiştir. Çevrimdışı ölçümlerde iş parçası çapı ölçülerek çap ölçüsündeki sapma (ÇÖS, µm) değeri belirlenmiş ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü (Ra, µm) ölçülmüştür. IDİ yönteminde kesme için harcanan güç (Pc) değerinde maksimum %14,43 azalma sağlanmıştır. Aynı kesme şartlarında ÇÖS değeri konvansiyonel işlemede 80 µm olarak gerçekleşirken, IDİ yönteminde 50 µm’ a düşmektedir. Yüzey pürüzlülüğü (Ra, µm) konvansiyonel işlemede 2,66 µm olarak gerçekleşirken, IDİ yönteminde 2,42 µm’ a düşmektedir. İstatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre ÇÖS ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerinde en etkili işlem parametresi ilerleme oranı (f) olmuştur. Ancak IDİ yönteminin her ikisi üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ön ısıtma, kesme ile eş zamanlı yapılamadığı için üretilen ısı iş malzemesi hacminde genleşmeye neden olmaktadır. Bu durum TIG esaslı IDİ yöntemini kullanarak hassas boyutsal toleranslara sahip parçaların işlenmesini zorlaştırır.

Keywords

Isı destekli işleme Boyutsal kararlılık Yüzey pürüzlülüğü TIG AISI 4340

References

  • [1] Ding H, Shin YC. "Laser-assisted machining of hardened steel parts with surface integrity analysis", International Journal of Machine tools and manufacture, 50:106114, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.09.001
  • [2] Zhao C, Xia Y, Chen X, Jiang Y, He Y, Pan S. "Thermal error detection and compensation technology for spindle of horizontal CNC machine tool with large torque", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107:85–96, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05015-4
  • [3] Zahoor S, Mufti NA, Saleem MQ, Mughal MP, Qureshi MAM. "Effect of machine tool’s spindle forced vibrations on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and tool wear in vertical milling of AISI P20", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89:3671–3679, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9346-1
  • [4] Pandey P, Gupta VK. "Duplex machining: An innovative approach for better dimensional accuracy and surface finish", International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, 10:153–167, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2011.040860
  • [5] Ali SHR, Mohamd OM. "Dimensional and geometrical form accuracy of circular pockets manufactured for aluminum, copper and steel materials on CNC milling machine using CMM", International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 17:64–73, (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.17.64
  • [6] Tian A, Du X, Liu S, Jin S. "Characterization of Dimensional Variations in Turning Process for Multistep Rotary Shaft of High-Speed Motorized Spindle", Machines, 11:561, (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11050561
  • [7] Manikandan H, Chandra Bera T. "Modelling of dimensional and geometric error prediction in turning of thin-walled components", Precision Engineering, 72:382–396, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2021.05.013
  • [8] Dhale SR, Deshmukh BB. "WEDM with different diameter wire electrodes on Inconel 718: Improved dimensional deviation, wire consumption and surface quality", Materials Today: Proceedings, 72:896–903, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.088
  • [9] Zahoor S, Azam HA, Mughal MP, Ahmed N, Rehman M, Hussain A. "WEDM of complex profile of IN718: multi-objective GA-based optimization of surface roughness, dimensional deviation, and cutting speed", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 114:2289–2307, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06916-8
  • [10] Şahinoğlu A, Güllü A, "CuZn39Pb3 malzemenin torna tezgâhında işlenmesinde oluşan akım, ses şiddeti, titreşim ve yüzey pürüzlülük değeri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi", Politeknik Dergisi, 23:615–624, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.426106
  • [11] Dongre G, Rajurkar A, Patil S, Raut R, Joseph N, Mote V, "Effect of cooling technique and tool material on Ti6Al4V alloy", Materials Today: Proceedings, 80:1567–1572, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.391
  • [12] Ahmadi Khatir F, Hossein Sadeghi M, Akar S. "Investigation of surface roughness in laser-assisted hard turning of AISI 4340", Materials Today: Proceedings, 38:3085–3090, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.480
  • [13] Rao TB. "Reliability analysis of the cutting tool in plasma-assisted turning and prediction of machining characteristics", Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 20:1020–1034, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2020.1769458
  • [14] Ke J, Chen X, Liu C, Xu G, She Z, Zhang J, "Ultra-precision cutting characteristics of binderless tungsten carbide by in-heat-process laser-assisted diamond machining", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 115:106311, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106311
  • [15] Kainth, G. S., Chaturvedi MN. "Theoretical investigation of temperature in hot machining", International Journal of Machine Tool Design and Research, 156:241–256, (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7357(75)90014-1
  • [16] Hameed S, Rojas HAG, Benavides JIP, Alberro AN, Egea AJS. "Influence of the regime of electropulsing-assisted machining on the plastic deformation of the layer being cut", Materials,11:1–11, (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11060886
  • [17] Kukliński M, Przestacki D, Bartkowska A, Kieruj P, Radek N. "Conventional and laser-assisted machining of laser-borided Monel 400 alloy", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126:5677–5687, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11477-z
  • [18] Rao TB. "Reliability analysis of the cutting tool in plasma-assisted turning and prediction of machining characteristics", Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 20:1020–1034, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2020.1769458
  • [19] Wei C, Guo W, Pratomo ES, Li Q, Wang D, Whitehead D. "High speed, high power density laser-assisted machining of Al-SiC metal matrix composite with significant increase in productivity and surface quality", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 285:116784, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116784
  • [20] Hedberg GK, Shin YC, Xu L. "Laser-assisted milling of Ti-6Al-4V with the consideration of surface integrity", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 79:1645–1658, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6942-4
  • [21] Olsson M, Akujärvi V, Ståhl JE, Bushlya V. "Cryogenic and hybrid induction-assisted machining strategies as alternatives for conventional machining of refractory tungsten and niobium", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 97:105520, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105520
  • [22] Parida AK, Maity K. "Study of machinability in heat-assisted machining of nickel-base alloy", Measurement, 170:108682, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108682
  • [23] Çelebi A. "Deformation and Microstructural Analysis of Fiber Laser and TIG Welding of Thin Ti6Al4V Sheet by Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM)", Politeknik Dergisi, 23:1183–1188, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581574
  • [24] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "Isı destekli işlemede TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", 10 th Int. Congr. Mach., Antalya, 69–75(2019).
  • [25] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "AISI 4340 çeliğinin ısı destekli işlenmesinde TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", 11th Int. Congr. Mach., Virtual, 245–252 (2021).
  • [26] Uğraş A, Kafkas F. "Sertleştirilmiş AISI 4340 çeliğin ısı -destekli işlenmesinde TIG tekniğinin uygulanabilirliği", İmalat Teknolojileri ve Uygulamaları,1:40–48(2020).
  • [27] Akdulum A, Kayır Y. "Investigation of the Effect of U Drills with Different Properties on Thrust Force, Torque and Spindle Load", Politeknik Dergisi, 26:387–400, (2023). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1113301
  • [28] Erdemir F, Özkan MT. "Application of Taguchi Method for Optimization of Design Parameters in Enhancement The Robust of “C” Type Snap-fits", Politeknik Dergisi, 25:1385–1395, (2022). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1076061
  • [29] Venkatesh KM, Kuppan P, Senthil KA, Ramesh KK, John RJ. "Effect of laser scan speed on surface temperature, cutting forces and tool wear during laser assisted machining of alumina", Procedia Engineering, 97:1647–1656, (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.315
  • [30] Callister WD, Rethwisch DG. "Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction", Eighth Edition, Wiley, USA, A29, (2007).
  • [31] Karpuschewski B, Kundrák J, Varga G, Deszpoth I, Borysenko D. "Determination of specific cutting force components and exponents when applying high feed rates", Procedia CIRP, 77:30–33, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.199
  • [32] O’Sullivan D, Cotterell M. "Temperature measurement in single point turning", Journal of materials processing technology, 118:301–308, (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00853-6
  • [33] Carrino L, Giorleo G, Polini W, Prisco U. "Dimensional errors in longitudinal turning based on the unified generalized mechanics of cutting approach. Part I: Three-dimensional theory", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 42:1517–1515, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00117-7
  • [34] Boothroyd G, Knight WA. "Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tool", 3rd edition, CRC Press, USA, 82, (2006).
  • [35] Erdem S, Özdemir M, Rafighi M, Yavuz M. "1.2367 Sıcak İş Takım Çeliğinin Sert Tornalanmasında Kesme Parametrelerin Yüzey Pürüzlülüğü ve Kesme Kuvvetleri Üzerinde Etkisi", Politeknik Dergisi, 26:1071–1077, (2023). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1059568
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Resource Technologies, Manufacturing Processes and Technologies (Excl. Textiles), Machining
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Atakan Uğraş 0000-0002-8934-6125

Fırat Kafkas 0000-0003-3257-7413

Early Pub Date March 11, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date December 25, 2023
Acceptance Date February 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 EARLY VIEW

Cite

APA Uğraş, A., & Kafkas, F. (2024). AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1409419
AMA Uğraş A, Kafkas F. AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. Published online March 1, 2024:1-1. doi:10.2339/politeknik.1409419
Chicago Uğraş, Atakan, and Fırat Kafkas. “AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık Ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel Ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi, March (March 2024), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1409419.
EndNote Uğraş A, Kafkas F (March 1, 2024) AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi 1–1.
IEEE A. Uğraş and F. Kafkas, “AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi”, Politeknik Dergisi, pp. 1–1, March 2024, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.1409419.
ISNAD Uğraş, Atakan - Kafkas, Fırat. “AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık Ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel Ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi. March 2024. 1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1409419.
JAMA Uğraş A, Kafkas F. AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. 2024;:1–1.
MLA Uğraş, Atakan and Fırat Kafkas. “AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık Ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel Ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi, 2024, pp. 1-1, doi:10.2339/politeknik.1409419.
Vancouver Uğraş A, Kafkas F. AISI 4340 Çeliğinin Isı Destekli Tornalanmasının Boyutsal Kararlılık ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin Deneysel ve İstatistiksel İncelenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. 2024:1-.

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