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EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 590 - 598, 29.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1197871

Abstract

Global population growth is increasing the pressure on water resources day by day. At the same time, changes in land use, especially due to increased urbanization, affect hydrological processes. Considering both population and urbanization, the management of water resources with the right planning becomes inevitable. In this study, the worst-case scenario was handled and it was investigated how much more the city could meet its water needs if the drinking water treatment plants in the provinces of Istanbul, Ankara and Kocaeli were operating at full capacity. In the analyzes handled with the current water losses, the population projections and the future change in the per capita water need are revealed. According to the results obtained, it was determined that when the existing drinking water treatment plants in Istanbul are used at full capacity, there may be water shortages in 2039. Under the same conditions, it was determined that Ankara would not be able to meet its water needs in 2036. In Kocaeli, it was determined that in 2031, the existing facilities will be insufficient for the water demand. The results of the study showed that the necessary measures should be taken immediately for the water crisis, which is expected to be one of the most important problems of our country in the future.

References

  • Al-Washali, T., Sharma, S., & Kennedy, M. (2016). Methods of Assessment of Water Losses in Water Supply Systems: a Review. Water Resources Management, 30(14), 4985-5001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1503-7
  • Al-Washali, T., Sharma, S., Lupoja, R., Al-Nozaily, F., Haidera, M., & Kennedy, M. (2020). Assessment of water losses in distribution networks: Methods, applications, uncertainties, and implications in intermittent supply. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104515
  • Ananda, J. (2019). Determinants of real water losses in the Australian drinking water sector. Urban Water Journal, 16(8), 575-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1700288
  • Angelini, C. (2019). Regression Analysis. In S. Ranganathan, M. Gribskov, K. Nakai, & C. Schönbach (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (pp. 722-730): Academic Press.
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2021). Annual Report on Water Losses for 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.aski.gov.tr/Yukle/Dosya/faaliyetperformans/2020sukayiplariraporu.pdf
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2022a). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.aski.gov.tr/TR/ICERIK/Faaliyet-Raporlari/26
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2022b). Ankara Province Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Management Master Plan. Retrieved from: https://scd.csb.gov.tr/scd-sureci-yurutulenler-i-88863
  • Asuero, A. G., Sayago, A., & González, A. G. (2006). The Correlation Coefficient: An Overview. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 36(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340500526766
  • Azevedo, B. B., & Saurin, T. A. (2018). Losses in Water Distribution Systems: A Complexity Theory Perspective. Water Resources Management, 32(9), 2919-2936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1976-7
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS). (2022). CORINE Land Cover. Retrieved from: https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
  • Covas, D. I. C., Cláudia Jacob, A., & Ramos, H. M. (2008). Water losses' assessment in an urban water network. Water Practice and Technology, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.061
  • Di Bucchianico, A. (2008). Coefficient of Determination (R2). In F. Ruggeri, R. S. Kenett, & F. W. Faltin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistics in Quality and Reliability. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470061572.eqr173
  • Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., & Worqlul, A. W. (2018). Modeling the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Science of The Total Environment, 619-620, 1394-1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.191
  • Hassan Rashid, M. A. u., Manzoor, M. M., & Mukhtar, S. (2018). Urbanization and Its Effects on Water Resources: An Exploratory Analysis. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 15, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-180007
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022a). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/faaliyet-raporlari1
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022b). Annual Reports of Water Losses. Retrieved from: https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/su-kayiplari-yillik-raporlari1
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022c). Istanbul Drinking Water and Sewerage Master Plan. Retrieved from: https://scd.csb.gov.tr/scd-sureci-yurutulenler-i-88863
  • Kocaeli Water and Sewerage Administration (İSU). (2021). 2020 Annual Report. Retrieved from: https://www.isu.gov.tr/icerik/detay.aspx?Id=557
  • Kocaeli Water and Sewerage Administration (İSU). (2022). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.isu.gov.tr/icerik/detay.aspx?Id=101
  • Koç, C., Bakış, R., & Bayazıt, Y. (2017). A study on assessing the domestic water resources, demands and its quality in holiday region of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey. Tourism Management, 62, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.024
  • Koç, C., Bayazıt, Y., & Bakış, R. (2020). A study on assessing the urban growth, population, and water resources of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(10), 631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08594-7
  • Liemberger, R., & Wyatt, A. (2018). Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem. Water Supply, 19(3), 831-837. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.129
  • McGinn, A. J., Wagner, P. D., Htike, H., Kyu, K. K., & Fohrer, N. (2021). Twenty years of change: Land and water resources in the Chindwin catchment, Myanmar between 1999 and 2019. Science of The Total Environment, 798, 148766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148766
  • Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Sustainability: Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
  • Molinos-Senante, M., & Maziotis, A. (2022). Influence of environmental variables on the energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plants. Science of The Total Environment, 833, 155246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155246
  • Moya-Fernández, P. J., López-Ruiz, S., Guardiola, J., & González-Gómez, F. (2021). Determinants of the acceptance of domestic use of recycled water by use type. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.026
  • Population Reference Bureau (PRB). (2006). 2006 World Population Data Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.prb.org/resources/2006-world-population-data-sheet/
  • Qin, H.-P., Su, Q., & Khu, S.-T. (2011). An integrated model for water management in a rapidly urbanizing catchment. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(12), 1502-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.003
  • Saldarriaga, J., & Salcedo, C. A. (2015). Determination of Optimal Location and Settings of Pressure Reducing Valves in Water Distribution Networks for Minimizing Water Losses. Procedia Engineering, 119, 973-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.986
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Development (TCKB). (2018). Water Resources Management and Security Specialization Commission Report. Retrieved from: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/SuKaynaklariYonetimi_ve_GuvenligiOzelIhtisasKomisyonuRaporu.pdf
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (TCOSB). (2017). Handbook for Control of Water Losses in Drinking Water Supply and Distribution Systems, General Directorate of Water Management. Retrieved from: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/SU%20VER%C4%B0ML%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0/%C4%B0%C3%A7me%20Suyu%20Temin%20ve%20Da%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m%20Sistemlerindeki%20Su%20Kay%C4%B1plar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20Kontrol%C3%BC%20El%20Kitab%C4%B1%20.pdf
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (TCTOB). (2022). Land Cover Maps. Retrieved from: http://corinecbs.tarimorman.gov.tr/corine
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). (2022). Address Based Population Registration System Results, 2021. Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2021-45500
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2019). Science. Retrieved from: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth
  • Xu, F., Wang, Z., Chi, G., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The impacts of population and agglomeration development on land use intensity: New evidence behind urbanization in China. Land Use Policy, 95, 104639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104639

İÇME SUYU ARITMA TESİSLERİNİN KAPASİTE BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İSTANBUL, ANKARA VE KOCAELİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 590 - 598, 29.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1197871

Abstract

Küresel nüfus artışı, su kaynakları üzerindeki baskıyı her geçen gün artırmaktadır. Aynı zamanda özellikle de şehirleşmedeki artıştan dolayı arazi kullanımındaki değişiklikler hidrolojik süreçleri etkilemektedir. Hem nüfus hem de şehirleşme göz önüne alındığında su kaynaklarının doğru planlama ile yönetilmesi kaçınılmaz hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada en kötü senaryo ele alınarak İstanbul, Ankara ve Kocaeli illerindeki içme suyu arıtma tesislerinin tam kapasitede çalışması durumunda şehrin su ihtiyacını ne kadar daha sağlayabileceği araştırılmıştır. Mevcut su kayıpları ile ele alınan analizlerde nüfus projeksiyonları ile kişi başına su ihtiyacının gelecekteki değişimi ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre İstanbul'daki mevcut içme suyu arıtma tesisleri tam kapasite ile kullanıldığında 2039 yılında su sıkıntısı yaşayabileceği belirlendi. Aynı koşullar altında Ankara'nın 2036 yılında su ihtiyacını karşılayamayacağı belirlendi. Kocaeli'de ise 2031 yılında mevcut tesislerin su talebine yetersiz kalacağı belirlendi. Çalışma sonuçları, gelecekte ülkemizin en önemli problemlerinden biri olması beklenen su krizi için gerekli önlemlerin ivedilikle alınması gerekliliğini göstermiştir.

References

  • Al-Washali, T., Sharma, S., & Kennedy, M. (2016). Methods of Assessment of Water Losses in Water Supply Systems: a Review. Water Resources Management, 30(14), 4985-5001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1503-7
  • Al-Washali, T., Sharma, S., Lupoja, R., Al-Nozaily, F., Haidera, M., & Kennedy, M. (2020). Assessment of water losses in distribution networks: Methods, applications, uncertainties, and implications in intermittent supply. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104515
  • Ananda, J. (2019). Determinants of real water losses in the Australian drinking water sector. Urban Water Journal, 16(8), 575-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1700288
  • Angelini, C. (2019). Regression Analysis. In S. Ranganathan, M. Gribskov, K. Nakai, & C. Schönbach (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (pp. 722-730): Academic Press.
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2021). Annual Report on Water Losses for 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.aski.gov.tr/Yukle/Dosya/faaliyetperformans/2020sukayiplariraporu.pdf
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2022a). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.aski.gov.tr/TR/ICERIK/Faaliyet-Raporlari/26
  • Ankara Water and Sewerage Administration (ASKİ). (2022b). Ankara Province Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Management Master Plan. Retrieved from: https://scd.csb.gov.tr/scd-sureci-yurutulenler-i-88863
  • Asuero, A. G., Sayago, A., & González, A. G. (2006). The Correlation Coefficient: An Overview. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 36(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340500526766
  • Azevedo, B. B., & Saurin, T. A. (2018). Losses in Water Distribution Systems: A Complexity Theory Perspective. Water Resources Management, 32(9), 2919-2936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1976-7
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS). (2022). CORINE Land Cover. Retrieved from: https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
  • Covas, D. I. C., Cláudia Jacob, A., & Ramos, H. M. (2008). Water losses' assessment in an urban water network. Water Practice and Technology, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.061
  • Di Bucchianico, A. (2008). Coefficient of Determination (R2). In F. Ruggeri, R. S. Kenett, & F. W. Faltin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistics in Quality and Reliability. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470061572.eqr173
  • Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., & Worqlul, A. W. (2018). Modeling the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Science of The Total Environment, 619-620, 1394-1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.191
  • Hassan Rashid, M. A. u., Manzoor, M. M., & Mukhtar, S. (2018). Urbanization and Its Effects on Water Resources: An Exploratory Analysis. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 15, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-180007
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022a). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/faaliyet-raporlari1
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022b). Annual Reports of Water Losses. Retrieved from: https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/su-kayiplari-yillik-raporlari1
  • Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). (2022c). Istanbul Drinking Water and Sewerage Master Plan. Retrieved from: https://scd.csb.gov.tr/scd-sureci-yurutulenler-i-88863
  • Kocaeli Water and Sewerage Administration (İSU). (2021). 2020 Annual Report. Retrieved from: https://www.isu.gov.tr/icerik/detay.aspx?Id=557
  • Kocaeli Water and Sewerage Administration (İSU). (2022). Activity Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.isu.gov.tr/icerik/detay.aspx?Id=101
  • Koç, C., Bakış, R., & Bayazıt, Y. (2017). A study on assessing the domestic water resources, demands and its quality in holiday region of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey. Tourism Management, 62, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.024
  • Koç, C., Bayazıt, Y., & Bakış, R. (2020). A study on assessing the urban growth, population, and water resources of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(10), 631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08594-7
  • Liemberger, R., & Wyatt, A. (2018). Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem. Water Supply, 19(3), 831-837. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.129
  • McGinn, A. J., Wagner, P. D., Htike, H., Kyu, K. K., & Fohrer, N. (2021). Twenty years of change: Land and water resources in the Chindwin catchment, Myanmar between 1999 and 2019. Science of The Total Environment, 798, 148766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148766
  • Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Sustainability: Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
  • Molinos-Senante, M., & Maziotis, A. (2022). Influence of environmental variables on the energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plants. Science of The Total Environment, 833, 155246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155246
  • Moya-Fernández, P. J., López-Ruiz, S., Guardiola, J., & González-Gómez, F. (2021). Determinants of the acceptance of domestic use of recycled water by use type. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.026
  • Population Reference Bureau (PRB). (2006). 2006 World Population Data Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.prb.org/resources/2006-world-population-data-sheet/
  • Qin, H.-P., Su, Q., & Khu, S.-T. (2011). An integrated model for water management in a rapidly urbanizing catchment. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(12), 1502-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.003
  • Saldarriaga, J., & Salcedo, C. A. (2015). Determination of Optimal Location and Settings of Pressure Reducing Valves in Water Distribution Networks for Minimizing Water Losses. Procedia Engineering, 119, 973-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.986
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Development (TCKB). (2018). Water Resources Management and Security Specialization Commission Report. Retrieved from: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/SuKaynaklariYonetimi_ve_GuvenligiOzelIhtisasKomisyonuRaporu.pdf
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (TCOSB). (2017). Handbook for Control of Water Losses in Drinking Water Supply and Distribution Systems, General Directorate of Water Management. Retrieved from: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/SU%20VER%C4%B0ML%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0/%C4%B0%C3%A7me%20Suyu%20Temin%20ve%20Da%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m%20Sistemlerindeki%20Su%20Kay%C4%B1plar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20Kontrol%C3%BC%20El%20Kitab%C4%B1%20.pdf
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (TCTOB). (2022). Land Cover Maps. Retrieved from: http://corinecbs.tarimorman.gov.tr/corine
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). (2022). Address Based Population Registration System Results, 2021. Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2021-45500
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2019). Science. Retrieved from: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth
  • Xu, F., Wang, Z., Chi, G., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The impacts of population and agglomeration development on land use intensity: New evidence behind urbanization in China. Land Use Policy, 95, 104639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104639
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selami Yurdan Özgül 0000-0002-4720-329X

Yıldırım Bayazıt 0000-0002-8699-4741

Early Pub Date April 27, 2023
Publication Date April 29, 2023
Acceptance Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 31 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özgül, S. Y., & Bayazıt, Y. (2023). EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 590-598. https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1197871
AMA Özgül SY, Bayazıt Y. EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI. ESOGÜ Müh Mim Fak Derg. April 2023;31(1):590-598. doi:10.31796/ogummf.1197871
Chicago Özgül, Selami Yurdan, and Yıldırım Bayazıt. “EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31, no. 1 (April 2023): 590-98. https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1197871.
EndNote Özgül SY, Bayazıt Y (April 1, 2023) EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31 1 590–598.
IEEE S. Y. Özgül and Y. Bayazıt, “EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI”, ESOGÜ Müh Mim Fak Derg, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 590–598, 2023, doi: 10.31796/ogummf.1197871.
ISNAD Özgül, Selami Yurdan - Bayazıt, Yıldırım. “EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31/1 (April 2023), 590-598. https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1197871.
JAMA Özgül SY, Bayazıt Y. EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI. ESOGÜ Müh Mim Fak Derg. 2023;31:590–598.
MLA Özgül, Selami Yurdan and Yıldırım Bayazıt. “EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 1, 2023, pp. 590-8, doi:10.31796/ogummf.1197871.
Vancouver Özgül SY, Bayazıt Y. EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN TERMS OF CAPACITY: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL, ANKARA, AND KOCAELI. ESOGÜ Müh Mim Fak Derg. 2023;31(1):590-8.

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