Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 191 - 197, 19.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.448768

Abstract

The
antibiotic period is now ending and the probability of discovering new classes
of antibiotics is considerably low. It is required to find out alternative
antimicrobial technologies that bacteria will not be able to develop
resistance, and that will be equally effective regardless of the current
resistance situation. In this regard, we investigated antimicrobial
photodynamic inactivation effects of three
boradiazaindacenes
(BODIPYs) 1‒3 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus 
(MRSA).
BODIPYs 13 with different substituents (-NMe2,
NO2 and -Br, respectively) at the meso position were synthesized.
The photodynamic inactivation effects of BODIPYs 13 were tested against one broad spectrum antibiotic resistant bacterial
model strain,
a
clinically described MRSA.
In
particular BODIPY 2 was found more effective when compared to the others at 25,
50 and 100 nM concentrations. BODIPYs 1
3 did not show any toxic effect in the dark at given concentrations. In
addition, a high degree of
photodynamic inactivation were detected with 2 and 3 by irradiation at 6.66 8.88 J/cm2 light doses, while the efficiency of 1 was not
significantly affected from
illumination times. The results indicate that BODIPYs, especially nitro
group BODIPY 2, can be used in the photodynamic inactivation of MRSA at
nanomolar concentrations and low energy doses.

References

  • Abrahamse, H. and Hamblin, M.R., 2016, "New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy" Biochemical Journal, Vol. 473, No. 4, pp. 347-364.
  • Acton, D.S., Plat-Sinnige, M.J., van Wamel, W., de Groot, N., van Belkum, A., 2009, "Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?" European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 115-127.
  • Agazzi, M.L., Ballatore, M.B., Reynoso, E., Quiroga, E.D., Durantini, E.N., 2017, "Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and photodynamic activity of two cationic BODIPY derivatives with application in the photoinactivation of microorganisms" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 126, pp. 110-121.
  • Algi, F., Cihaner, A., 2009, "An ambipolar low band gap material based on BODIPY and EDOT" Organic Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 453-458.
  • Alves, E., Faustino, M.A., Neves, M.G., Cunha, A., Tome, J., Almeida, A., 2014, "An insight on bacterial cellular targets of photodynamic inactivation" Future Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 141-164.
  • Benstead, M., Mehl, G.H., Boyle, R.W., 2011, "4,4′-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacenes (BODIPYs) as components of novel light active materials" Tetrahedron, Vol. 67, No. 20, pp. 3573-3601.
  • Carpenter, B.L., Situ, X., Scholle, F., Bartelmess, J., Weare, W.W., Ghiladi, R.A., 2015, "Antiviral, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of a BODIPY-Based Photosensitizer" Molecules, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 10604-10621.
  • Caruso, E., Banfi, S., Barbieri, P., Leva, B., Orlandi, V.T., 2012, "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel cationic BODIPY photosensitizers" Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Vol. 114, pp. 44-51.
  • Cihaner, A., Algi, F., 2009, "Synthesis and properties of 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based conducting copolymers" Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 62-67.
  • Cosgrove, S.E., Sakoulas, G., Perencevich, E.N., Schwaber, M.J., Karchmer, A.W., Carmeli, Y., 2003, "Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureusbacteremia: A meta-analysis" Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 53-59.
  • Denis, T.G., Dai, T., Izikson, L., Astrakas, C., Anderson, R.R., Hamblin, M.R., Tegos, G.P., 2011, "All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease" Virulence, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 509-520.
  • Durantini, A.M., Heredia, D.A., Durantini, J.E., Durantini, E.N., 2018, "BODIPYs to the rescue: Potential applications in photodynamic inactivation" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 144, pp. 651-661.
  • Edelsberg, J., Weycker, D., Barron, R., Li, X., Wu, H., Oster, G., Badre, S., Langeberg, W.J., Weber, D.J., 2014, "Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in US hospitals" Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 255-262.
  • Feßler, A.T., Li, J., Kadlec, K., Wang, Y., Schwarz, S. 2018. "Antimicrobial Resistance Properties of Staphylococcus aureus", Staphylococcus aureus. Editör: Fetsch, A., Elsevier; Cambridge USA, 57-85.
  • Frimannsson, D.O., Grossi, M., Murtagh, J., Paradisi, F., O'Shea, D.F., 2010, "Light induced antimicrobial properties of a brominated boron difluoride (BF2) chelated tetraarylazadipyrromethene photosensitizer" Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 53, No. 20, pp. 7337-7343.
  • Huang, L., Dai, T., Hamblin, M.R., 2010, "Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation and Photodynamic Therapy for Infections" Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 635, pp. 155-173.
  • Karakaya, S., Algi, F., 2014, "A novel dual channel responsive zinc (II) probe" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 55, No. 40, pp. 5555-5559.
  • Kilic, B., Yesilgul, N., Polat, V., Gercek, Z., Akkaya, E.U., 2016, "Bodipy-based photosensitizers with long alkyl tails at the meso position: efficient singlet oxygen generation in Cremophor-EL micelles" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp. 1317-1320.
  • Knox, J., Uhlemann, A-C., Lowy, F.D., 2015, "Staphylococcus aureus infections: transmission within households and the community" Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 437-444.
  • Kollmannsberger, M., Rurack, K., Resch-Genger, U., Daub, J., 1998, "Ultrafast Charge Transfer in Amino-Substituted Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes and Its Inhibition by Cation Complexation: A New Design Concept for Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Probes" The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 102, No. 50, pp. 10211-10220.
  • Lawrence, R., Jeyakumar, E., 2013, "Antimicrobial Resistance: A Cause for Global Concern" BMC Proceedings, Vol.7, No. 3, pp. 2-14.
  • Malik, Z., Hanania, J., Nitzan, Y., 1990, "Bactericidal effects of photoactivated porphyrins – an alternative approach to antimicrobial drugs" Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp. 281-293.
  • Mohammad, H., Narasimha Reddy, P.V., Monteleone, D., Mayhoub, A.S., Cushman, M., Seleem, M.N., 2015, "Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel series of synthetic phenylthiazole compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 94, pp. 306-316.
  • Nigam, A., Gupta, D., Sharma, A., 2014. "Treatment of infectious disease: beyond antibiotics" Microbiological Research, Vol. 169, No. 9-10, pp. 643-651.
  • Nishiyama, N., Morimoto, Y., Jang, W.D., Kataoka, K., 2009, "Design and development of dendrimer photosensitizer-incorporated polymeric micelles for enhanced photodynamic therapy" Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 327-338.
  • Orlandi, V.T., Rybtke, Caruso, E., Banfi, S., Tolker-Nielsen, T., Barbieri, P., 2014, "Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of a novel BODIPY photosensitizer against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1" Biofouling, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 883-891.
  • Pamuk Algi, M., 2016, "A highly selective dual channel hypochlorite probe based on fluorescein and 1, 10-phenanthroline" Tetrahedron, Vol. 72, No. 12, pp. 1558-1565.
  • Pamuk Algi, M., Tirkes, S., Ertan, S., Cansu Ergun, E.G., Cihaner, A., Algi, F., 2013, "Design and synthesis of new 4, 4′-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene based electrochromic polymers" Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 109, pp. 766-774.
  • Pamuk, M., Algi, F., 2012, "Synthesis of a novel on/off fluorescent cadmium (II) probe" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 53, pp. 51, No. 7010-7012.
  • Pomorska-Wesołowska, M., Chmielarczyk, A., Chlebowicz, M., Ziółkowski, G., Szczypta, A., Natkaniec, J., Romaniszyn, D., Pobiega, M., Dzikowska, M., Krawczyk, L., Kozioł J, Wójkowska-Mach J. 2017, "Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bloodstream infections and pneumonia in Southern Poland" Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance,Vol. 11, pp. 100-104.
  • Reynoso, R., Quiroga, E.D., Agazzi, M.L., Ballatore, M.B., Bertolotti, S.G., Durantini, E.N., 2017, "Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms sensitized by cationic BODIPY derivatives potentiated by potassium iodide" Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 1524-1536.
  • Rosa, L.P., Cristina da Silva, F., Nader, S.A., Meira, G.A.,Viana, M.S., 2015, "Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in bone specimens using methylene blue, toluidine blue ortho and malachite green: An in vitro study" Archives of Oral Biology, Vol.60, No. 5, pp. 675-680.
  • Rossetti, F.C., Lopez, L.B., Carollo, A.R., Thomazini, J.A., Tedesco, A.C., Bentley, M.V., 2011, "A delivery system to avoid self-aggregation and to improve in vitro and in vivo skin delivery of a phthalocyanine derivative used in the photodynamic therapy" Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 155, No. 3, pp. 400-408.
  • Sabbahi, S., Ben Ayed, L., Boudabbous, A., 2013, "Cationic, anionic and neutral dyes: effects of photosensitizing properties and experimental conditions on the photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria" Journal of Water and Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 590-599.
  • Schastak, S., Ziganshyna, S., Gitter, B., Wiedemann, P., Claudepierre, T., 2010, "Efficient Pho-todynamic therapy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using THPTS, a cationic photosensitizer excited by infrared wavelength" Plos One, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 11674.
  • Shinefield, H., Black, S., Fattom, A., Horwith, G., Rasgon, S., Ordonez, J., Yeoh, H., Law, D., Robbins, J.B., Schneerson, R., Muenz L, Fuller S, Johnson J, Fireman B, Alcorn H, Naso R., 2002, "Use of Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis" The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 346, pp. 491-496.
  • Theuretzbacher, U., 2013, "Global antibacterial resistance: The never-ending story" Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 63-69.
  • Uematsu, H., Yamashita, K., Mizuno, S., Kunisawa, S., Shibayama, K., Imanaka, Y., 2018, "Effect of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan" American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 0196, pp. 30468-30471.

FARKLI BODIPY BOYALARININ METİSİLİN DİRENÇLİ Staphylococcus aureus TEDAVİSİNDE FOTOSENSİTİZER OLARAK ETKİNLİĞİNİN İN VİTRO DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 191 - 197, 19.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.448768

Abstract

Antibiyotik dönemi günümüzde sona eriyor ve yeni antibiyotik sınıflarını keşfetme olasılığı oldukça düşüktür. Bakterilerin direnç geliştiremeyeceği ve mevcut direnç durumundan bağımsız olarak eşit derecede etkili olacak alternatif antimikrobiyal teknolojileri bulmak gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, üç boradiazaindacene’nin (BODIPY) (1‒3) metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 'a karşı antimikrobiyal fotodinamik inaktivasyon etkilerini araştırdık. Mezo pozisyonunda farklı sübstitüentlere (sırasıyla -NMe2, -NO2ve -Br) sahip BODIPY 1‒3sentezlendi. BODIPY 1‒3'ün fotodinamik inaktivasyon etkileri, geniş spektrumlu antibiyotik dirençli bir bakteriyel model suşuna karşı test edildi, klinik olarak tanımlanmış bir MRSA. Özellikle 25, 50 ve 100 nM konsantrasyonlarda diğerleri ile karşılaştırıldığında özellikle BODIPY 2’nin diğerlerine göre daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. BODIPY 1‒3, verilen konsantrasyonlarda karanlıkta herhangi bir toksik etki göstermemişlerdir. Ek olarak, 1'in etkinliği aydınlatma sürelerinden önemli ölçüde etkilenmezken, 6.66 ‒ 8.88 J/cm2 ışık dozlarındaki ışınlanmada 2ve 3’te yüksek derecede fotodinamik inaktivasyon belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, BODIPY’ler, özellikle nitro grup BODIPY 2, nanomolar konsantrasyonlarda ve düşük enerji dozlarında MRSA’nın fotodinamik inaktivasyonunda kullanılabilir.

References

  • Abrahamse, H. and Hamblin, M.R., 2016, "New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy" Biochemical Journal, Vol. 473, No. 4, pp. 347-364.
  • Acton, D.S., Plat-Sinnige, M.J., van Wamel, W., de Groot, N., van Belkum, A., 2009, "Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?" European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 115-127.
  • Agazzi, M.L., Ballatore, M.B., Reynoso, E., Quiroga, E.D., Durantini, E.N., 2017, "Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and photodynamic activity of two cationic BODIPY derivatives with application in the photoinactivation of microorganisms" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 126, pp. 110-121.
  • Algi, F., Cihaner, A., 2009, "An ambipolar low band gap material based on BODIPY and EDOT" Organic Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 453-458.
  • Alves, E., Faustino, M.A., Neves, M.G., Cunha, A., Tome, J., Almeida, A., 2014, "An insight on bacterial cellular targets of photodynamic inactivation" Future Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 141-164.
  • Benstead, M., Mehl, G.H., Boyle, R.W., 2011, "4,4′-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacenes (BODIPYs) as components of novel light active materials" Tetrahedron, Vol. 67, No. 20, pp. 3573-3601.
  • Carpenter, B.L., Situ, X., Scholle, F., Bartelmess, J., Weare, W.W., Ghiladi, R.A., 2015, "Antiviral, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of a BODIPY-Based Photosensitizer" Molecules, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 10604-10621.
  • Caruso, E., Banfi, S., Barbieri, P., Leva, B., Orlandi, V.T., 2012, "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel cationic BODIPY photosensitizers" Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Vol. 114, pp. 44-51.
  • Cihaner, A., Algi, F., 2009, "Synthesis and properties of 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based conducting copolymers" Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 62-67.
  • Cosgrove, S.E., Sakoulas, G., Perencevich, E.N., Schwaber, M.J., Karchmer, A.W., Carmeli, Y., 2003, "Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureusbacteremia: A meta-analysis" Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 53-59.
  • Denis, T.G., Dai, T., Izikson, L., Astrakas, C., Anderson, R.R., Hamblin, M.R., Tegos, G.P., 2011, "All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease" Virulence, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 509-520.
  • Durantini, A.M., Heredia, D.A., Durantini, J.E., Durantini, E.N., 2018, "BODIPYs to the rescue: Potential applications in photodynamic inactivation" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 144, pp. 651-661.
  • Edelsberg, J., Weycker, D., Barron, R., Li, X., Wu, H., Oster, G., Badre, S., Langeberg, W.J., Weber, D.J., 2014, "Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in US hospitals" Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 255-262.
  • Feßler, A.T., Li, J., Kadlec, K., Wang, Y., Schwarz, S. 2018. "Antimicrobial Resistance Properties of Staphylococcus aureus", Staphylococcus aureus. Editör: Fetsch, A., Elsevier; Cambridge USA, 57-85.
  • Frimannsson, D.O., Grossi, M., Murtagh, J., Paradisi, F., O'Shea, D.F., 2010, "Light induced antimicrobial properties of a brominated boron difluoride (BF2) chelated tetraarylazadipyrromethene photosensitizer" Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 53, No. 20, pp. 7337-7343.
  • Huang, L., Dai, T., Hamblin, M.R., 2010, "Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation and Photodynamic Therapy for Infections" Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 635, pp. 155-173.
  • Karakaya, S., Algi, F., 2014, "A novel dual channel responsive zinc (II) probe" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 55, No. 40, pp. 5555-5559.
  • Kilic, B., Yesilgul, N., Polat, V., Gercek, Z., Akkaya, E.U., 2016, "Bodipy-based photosensitizers with long alkyl tails at the meso position: efficient singlet oxygen generation in Cremophor-EL micelles" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp. 1317-1320.
  • Knox, J., Uhlemann, A-C., Lowy, F.D., 2015, "Staphylococcus aureus infections: transmission within households and the community" Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 437-444.
  • Kollmannsberger, M., Rurack, K., Resch-Genger, U., Daub, J., 1998, "Ultrafast Charge Transfer in Amino-Substituted Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes and Its Inhibition by Cation Complexation: A New Design Concept for Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Probes" The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 102, No. 50, pp. 10211-10220.
  • Lawrence, R., Jeyakumar, E., 2013, "Antimicrobial Resistance: A Cause for Global Concern" BMC Proceedings, Vol.7, No. 3, pp. 2-14.
  • Malik, Z., Hanania, J., Nitzan, Y., 1990, "Bactericidal effects of photoactivated porphyrins – an alternative approach to antimicrobial drugs" Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp. 281-293.
  • Mohammad, H., Narasimha Reddy, P.V., Monteleone, D., Mayhoub, A.S., Cushman, M., Seleem, M.N., 2015, "Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel series of synthetic phenylthiazole compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 94, pp. 306-316.
  • Nigam, A., Gupta, D., Sharma, A., 2014. "Treatment of infectious disease: beyond antibiotics" Microbiological Research, Vol. 169, No. 9-10, pp. 643-651.
  • Nishiyama, N., Morimoto, Y., Jang, W.D., Kataoka, K., 2009, "Design and development of dendrimer photosensitizer-incorporated polymeric micelles for enhanced photodynamic therapy" Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 327-338.
  • Orlandi, V.T., Rybtke, Caruso, E., Banfi, S., Tolker-Nielsen, T., Barbieri, P., 2014, "Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of a novel BODIPY photosensitizer against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1" Biofouling, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 883-891.
  • Pamuk Algi, M., 2016, "A highly selective dual channel hypochlorite probe based on fluorescein and 1, 10-phenanthroline" Tetrahedron, Vol. 72, No. 12, pp. 1558-1565.
  • Pamuk Algi, M., Tirkes, S., Ertan, S., Cansu Ergun, E.G., Cihaner, A., Algi, F., 2013, "Design and synthesis of new 4, 4′-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene based electrochromic polymers" Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 109, pp. 766-774.
  • Pamuk, M., Algi, F., 2012, "Synthesis of a novel on/off fluorescent cadmium (II) probe" Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 53, pp. 51, No. 7010-7012.
  • Pomorska-Wesołowska, M., Chmielarczyk, A., Chlebowicz, M., Ziółkowski, G., Szczypta, A., Natkaniec, J., Romaniszyn, D., Pobiega, M., Dzikowska, M., Krawczyk, L., Kozioł J, Wójkowska-Mach J. 2017, "Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bloodstream infections and pneumonia in Southern Poland" Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance,Vol. 11, pp. 100-104.
  • Reynoso, R., Quiroga, E.D., Agazzi, M.L., Ballatore, M.B., Bertolotti, S.G., Durantini, E.N., 2017, "Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms sensitized by cationic BODIPY derivatives potentiated by potassium iodide" Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 1524-1536.
  • Rosa, L.P., Cristina da Silva, F., Nader, S.A., Meira, G.A.,Viana, M.S., 2015, "Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in bone specimens using methylene blue, toluidine blue ortho and malachite green: An in vitro study" Archives of Oral Biology, Vol.60, No. 5, pp. 675-680.
  • Rossetti, F.C., Lopez, L.B., Carollo, A.R., Thomazini, J.A., Tedesco, A.C., Bentley, M.V., 2011, "A delivery system to avoid self-aggregation and to improve in vitro and in vivo skin delivery of a phthalocyanine derivative used in the photodynamic therapy" Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 155, No. 3, pp. 400-408.
  • Sabbahi, S., Ben Ayed, L., Boudabbous, A., 2013, "Cationic, anionic and neutral dyes: effects of photosensitizing properties and experimental conditions on the photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria" Journal of Water and Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 590-599.
  • Schastak, S., Ziganshyna, S., Gitter, B., Wiedemann, P., Claudepierre, T., 2010, "Efficient Pho-todynamic therapy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using THPTS, a cationic photosensitizer excited by infrared wavelength" Plos One, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 11674.
  • Shinefield, H., Black, S., Fattom, A., Horwith, G., Rasgon, S., Ordonez, J., Yeoh, H., Law, D., Robbins, J.B., Schneerson, R., Muenz L, Fuller S, Johnson J, Fireman B, Alcorn H, Naso R., 2002, "Use of Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis" The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 346, pp. 491-496.
  • Theuretzbacher, U., 2013, "Global antibacterial resistance: The never-ending story" Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 63-69.
  • Uematsu, H., Yamashita, K., Mizuno, S., Kunisawa, S., Shibayama, K., Imanaka, Y., 2018, "Effect of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan" American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 0196, pp. 30468-30471.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Journals
Authors

Rukiye Boran 0000-0003-2395-2445

Melek Pamuk Algı This is me 0000-0001-5863-3976

Aysel Ugur 0000-0002-5188-1106

Publication Date December 19, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Boran, R., Pamuk Algı, M., & Ugur, A. (2018). IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 4(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.448768
AMA Boran R, Pamuk Algı M, Ugur A. IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology. December 2018;4(2):191-197. doi:10.22531/muglajsci.448768
Chicago Boran, Rukiye, Melek Pamuk Algı, and Aysel Ugur. “IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus TREATMENT”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (December 2018): 191-97. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.448768.
EndNote Boran R, Pamuk Algı M, Ugur A (December 1, 2018) IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 4 2 191–197.
IEEE R. Boran, M. Pamuk Algı, and A. Ugur, “IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT”, Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 191–197, 2018, doi: 10.22531/muglajsci.448768.
ISNAD Boran, Rukiye et al. “IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus TREATMENT”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology 4/2 (December 2018), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.448768.
JAMA Boran R, Pamuk Algı M, Ugur A. IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology. 2018;4:191–197.
MLA Boran, Rukiye et al. “IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus TREATMENT”. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018, pp. 191-7, doi:10.22531/muglajsci.448768.
Vancouver Boran R, Pamuk Algı M, Ugur A. IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BODIPY DYES AS PHOTOSENSITIZER IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus TREATMENT. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology. 2018;4(2):191-7.

5975f2e33b6ce.png
Mugla Journal of Science and Technology (MJST) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Pseudonymity License 4.0 international license