Research Article
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Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant

Year 2021, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 267 - 272, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.897989

Abstract

In this study, effects of single and combined applications of biocontrol agents; Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. virens) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus subtilis) on growth, wilt disease severity caused by Verticillium dahliae and plant defence-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase) of eggplant, were investigated. It was determined that single and combined applications of biological control agents reduced the severity of wilt disease caused by the pathogen, and T. atroviride isolate and its combinations with bacteria were the most effective applications. Biological control agents not only increased plant growth parameters in the experimental groups they were applied, but also the activities of defence-related peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase enzymes in the plant samples taken from these groups. Inoculations with biocontrol agents especially increased stem diameter, length, fresh and dry weights and root lengths of the eggplants, compared to the pathogen inoculated ones. Although the enzyme activities of the plants changed depending on the period after the inoculations, mostly found to be higher on the plants inoculated with the pathogen and/or biocontrol agents, compared to the non-inoculated control plants.

Supporting Institution

Isparta Applied Sciences University, OYP Institutional Coordination Unite

Project Number

OYP05268-DR-14

Thanks

This study is a part of the PhD thesis project (no: OYP05268-DR-14), supported by Isparta University of Applied Sciences, OYP Institutional Coordination Unit.

References

  • Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18: 265-267.
  • Akhtar MS, Azam T (2014) Effects of PGPR and antagonistic fungi on the growth, enzyme activity and Fusarium root-rot of pea. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47: 138-148.
  • Altınok HH (2012) Antalya ve Mersin ili örtü altı patlıcan ekim alanlarında kurşuni küf ve beyaz çürüklük hastalıklarının yaygınlık oranlarının belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Büteni 52: 163-173.
  • Amini J (2017) Biocontrol of Verticillium wilt of potato caused by Verticillium dahliae using selected biocontrol agents. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 84: 11-19.
  • Başay S, Şeniz V, Tezcan H (2011) Reactions of selected eggplant cultivars and lines to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 3571-3573.
  • Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) Assay of Catalases and Peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology 2: 773-775.
  • Chandrasekaran M, Belachew ST, Yoon E, Chun SC (2017) Expression of β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes and their enzymes in tomato plants induced after treatment with Bacillus subtilis CBR05 against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Journal of General Plant Pathology 83: 7-13.
  • Chowdappa P, Mohan Kumar SP, Lakshmi MJ, Upreti KK (2013) Growth stimulation and induction of systemic resistance in tomato against early and late blight by Bacillus subtilis OTPB1 or Trichoderma harzianum OTPB3. Biological Control 65: 109-117.
  • Erper I, Turkkan M, Atanasova L, Druzhinina IS, Karaca GH, CebI-Kilicoglu M (2013) Integrated assessment of the mycoparasitic and phytostimulating properties of Trichoderma strains against Rhizoctonia solani. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 19: 737-743.
  • Fahima T, Henis Y (1995) Quantitative assessment of the interaction between the antagonistic fungus Talaromyces flavus and the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae on eggplant roots. Plant and Soil 176: 129-137.
  • FAO (2021) Eggplant production. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 10 January 2021.
  • Guenoun K, Chattaoui M, Bouri M, Naghmouchi K, Raies A (2018) Biological control of growth promoting rhizobacteria against verticillium wilt of pepper plant. Biologia, doi: 10.2478/s11756-018-00169-9.
  • Houssien AA, Ahmed SM, Ismail AA (2010) Activation of tomato plant defense response against Fusarium wilt disease using Trichoderma harzianum and salicylic acid under greenhouse conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 6: 328-338.
  • Jayalakshmi SK, Raju S, Usha-Rani S, Benagi VI, Sreeramulu K (2009) Trichoderma harzianum L1 as apotential source for lytic enzmes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3: 44-52.
  • Kumar SPM, Chowdappa P, Krishna V, Sandhya H (2015) Induction of defense-related proteins and growth promotion in tomato by mixture of Trichoderma harzianum OTPB3 and Bacillus subtilis OTPB1 and Pseudomonas putida OPf1 against Phytophthora infestans. African Journal of Microbiology Research 9: 96-110.
  • Latha P, Anand T, Ragupathi N, Prakasam V, Samiyappan R (2009) Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biological Control 50: 85-93.
  • Li M, Ma G, Lian H, Su X, Tian Y, Huang W, Mei J, Jiang X (2019) The effects of Trichoderma on preventing cucumber physiology. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18: 607-617.
  • Mayer AM, Harel E, Shaul RB (1965) Assay of catechol oxidase, a critical comparison methods. Phytochemistry 5: 783-789.
  • McCallum JA, Walker JRL (1990) Phenolic biosynthesis during grain development in wheat: Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and soluble phenolic content. Journal of Cereal Science 11: 35-49.
  • Mokhtari W, Achouri M, Remah A, Boubaker H (2018) Verticillium dahliae-eggplant as the pathosystem model to reveal biocontrol potential of three Trichoderma spp. in greenhouse conditions. Atlas Journal of Biology 417-421.
  • Morsy EM, Abdel-Kawi KA, Khalil MNA (2009) Efficiency of Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agents gainst Fusarium solani on tomato plants. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 37: 47-57.
  • Pan SQ, Ye XS, Kuc J (1991) Association of β-1, 3 glucanase activity and isoform pattern with systemic resistance to blue mold in tobacco induced by stem injection with Peronospora tabacina or leaf inoculation with tobacco mosaic virüs. Physiology and Moecular Plant Pathology 39: 25-39.
  • Ramamoorthy V, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2002) Induction of defence-related proteins in tomato roots treated with Pseudomonas fluorescence Pf1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Plant and Soil 239: 55- 68.
  • Sadeghi MS, Behjatnia SAA, Masumi M, Izadpanah K. (2008) Characterisation of a strain of potato virus Y causing eggplant mosaic in southern Iran. Australasian Plant Pathology 37: 79-86.
  • Saravanakumar D, Harish S, Loganathan M, Vivekananthan R, Rajendran L, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2007) Rhizobacterial bioformulation for the effective management of Macrophomina root rot in mungbean. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 40: 323-337.
  • Shannon LM, Kay E, Lew JY (1966) Peroxidase Isoenzymes from Horseradish Roots. I. Isolation and physical properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241: 2166-2172.
  • Sholberg PL, Walker MC, O’Gorman DT, Jesperson GD (2007) First report of Phytophthora capsici on cucurbitas and peppers in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 29: 153-158.
  • Thilagavathi R, Saravanakumar D, Ragupathi N, Samiyappan R (2007) A combination of bio-control agents improves the management of dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in green gram. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 46: 157-167.
  • Tjamos EC, Tsitsigiannis DI, Tjamos SE, Antoniou PP, Katinakis P (2004) Selection and screening of endorhizosphere bacteria from solarized soils as biocontrol agents against Verticillium dahliae of solanaceous hosts. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110: 35-44.
  • Townsend GR, Heuberger JW (1943) Methods for Estimating Losses Caused by Diseases in Fungicide Experiments. Plant Disease Report 27: 340-343.
  • Verma PP, Shelake RM, Das S, Sharma P, Kim J (2019) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Fungi (PGPF): Potential biological control agents of diseases and pests. In: Singh DP, Gupta VK, Prabha R (Eds), Microbial Inventions in Agriculture and Environment. Springer, pp. 281-312.
  • Yadeta KA, Thomma BPHJ (2013) The xylem as battleground for plant hosts and vascular wilt pathogens. Frontier in Plant Science 4: 97.
  • Yerchyk V (2008) Virulence of strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Zemdirbyste 95: 359-365.
  • Zhang F, Li XL, Zhu SJ, Ojaghian MR, Zang JZ (2018) Biocontrol potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa against Verticillium dahliae infecting cotton plants. Biological Control 127: 70-77.

Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant

Year 2021, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 267 - 272, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.897989

Abstract

In this study, effects of single and combined applications of biocontrol agents; Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. virens) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus subtilis) on growth, wilt disease severity caused by Verticillium dahliae and plant defence-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase) of eggplant, were investigated. It was determined that single and combined applications of biological control agents reduced the severity of wilt disease caused by the pathogen, and T. atroviride isolate and its combinations with bacteria were the most effective applications. Biological control agents not only increased plant growth parameters in the experimental groups they were applied, but also the activities of defence-related peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase enzymes in the plant samples taken from these groups. Inoculations with biocontrol agents especially increased stem diameter, length, fresh and dry weights and root lengths of the eggplants, compared to the pathogen inoculated ones. Although the enzyme activities of the plants changed depending on the period after the inoculations, mostly found to be higher on the plants inoculated with the pathogen and/or biocontrol agents, compared to the non-inoculated control plants.

Project Number

OYP05268-DR-14

References

  • Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18: 265-267.
  • Akhtar MS, Azam T (2014) Effects of PGPR and antagonistic fungi on the growth, enzyme activity and Fusarium root-rot of pea. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47: 138-148.
  • Altınok HH (2012) Antalya ve Mersin ili örtü altı patlıcan ekim alanlarında kurşuni küf ve beyaz çürüklük hastalıklarının yaygınlık oranlarının belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Büteni 52: 163-173.
  • Amini J (2017) Biocontrol of Verticillium wilt of potato caused by Verticillium dahliae using selected biocontrol agents. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 84: 11-19.
  • Başay S, Şeniz V, Tezcan H (2011) Reactions of selected eggplant cultivars and lines to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 3571-3573.
  • Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) Assay of Catalases and Peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology 2: 773-775.
  • Chandrasekaran M, Belachew ST, Yoon E, Chun SC (2017) Expression of β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes and their enzymes in tomato plants induced after treatment with Bacillus subtilis CBR05 against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Journal of General Plant Pathology 83: 7-13.
  • Chowdappa P, Mohan Kumar SP, Lakshmi MJ, Upreti KK (2013) Growth stimulation and induction of systemic resistance in tomato against early and late blight by Bacillus subtilis OTPB1 or Trichoderma harzianum OTPB3. Biological Control 65: 109-117.
  • Erper I, Turkkan M, Atanasova L, Druzhinina IS, Karaca GH, CebI-Kilicoglu M (2013) Integrated assessment of the mycoparasitic and phytostimulating properties of Trichoderma strains against Rhizoctonia solani. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 19: 737-743.
  • Fahima T, Henis Y (1995) Quantitative assessment of the interaction between the antagonistic fungus Talaromyces flavus and the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae on eggplant roots. Plant and Soil 176: 129-137.
  • FAO (2021) Eggplant production. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 10 January 2021.
  • Guenoun K, Chattaoui M, Bouri M, Naghmouchi K, Raies A (2018) Biological control of growth promoting rhizobacteria against verticillium wilt of pepper plant. Biologia, doi: 10.2478/s11756-018-00169-9.
  • Houssien AA, Ahmed SM, Ismail AA (2010) Activation of tomato plant defense response against Fusarium wilt disease using Trichoderma harzianum and salicylic acid under greenhouse conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 6: 328-338.
  • Jayalakshmi SK, Raju S, Usha-Rani S, Benagi VI, Sreeramulu K (2009) Trichoderma harzianum L1 as apotential source for lytic enzmes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3: 44-52.
  • Kumar SPM, Chowdappa P, Krishna V, Sandhya H (2015) Induction of defense-related proteins and growth promotion in tomato by mixture of Trichoderma harzianum OTPB3 and Bacillus subtilis OTPB1 and Pseudomonas putida OPf1 against Phytophthora infestans. African Journal of Microbiology Research 9: 96-110.
  • Latha P, Anand T, Ragupathi N, Prakasam V, Samiyappan R (2009) Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biological Control 50: 85-93.
  • Li M, Ma G, Lian H, Su X, Tian Y, Huang W, Mei J, Jiang X (2019) The effects of Trichoderma on preventing cucumber physiology. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18: 607-617.
  • Mayer AM, Harel E, Shaul RB (1965) Assay of catechol oxidase, a critical comparison methods. Phytochemistry 5: 783-789.
  • McCallum JA, Walker JRL (1990) Phenolic biosynthesis during grain development in wheat: Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and soluble phenolic content. Journal of Cereal Science 11: 35-49.
  • Mokhtari W, Achouri M, Remah A, Boubaker H (2018) Verticillium dahliae-eggplant as the pathosystem model to reveal biocontrol potential of three Trichoderma spp. in greenhouse conditions. Atlas Journal of Biology 417-421.
  • Morsy EM, Abdel-Kawi KA, Khalil MNA (2009) Efficiency of Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agents gainst Fusarium solani on tomato plants. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 37: 47-57.
  • Pan SQ, Ye XS, Kuc J (1991) Association of β-1, 3 glucanase activity and isoform pattern with systemic resistance to blue mold in tobacco induced by stem injection with Peronospora tabacina or leaf inoculation with tobacco mosaic virüs. Physiology and Moecular Plant Pathology 39: 25-39.
  • Ramamoorthy V, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2002) Induction of defence-related proteins in tomato roots treated with Pseudomonas fluorescence Pf1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Plant and Soil 239: 55- 68.
  • Sadeghi MS, Behjatnia SAA, Masumi M, Izadpanah K. (2008) Characterisation of a strain of potato virus Y causing eggplant mosaic in southern Iran. Australasian Plant Pathology 37: 79-86.
  • Saravanakumar D, Harish S, Loganathan M, Vivekananthan R, Rajendran L, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2007) Rhizobacterial bioformulation for the effective management of Macrophomina root rot in mungbean. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 40: 323-337.
  • Shannon LM, Kay E, Lew JY (1966) Peroxidase Isoenzymes from Horseradish Roots. I. Isolation and physical properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241: 2166-2172.
  • Sholberg PL, Walker MC, O’Gorman DT, Jesperson GD (2007) First report of Phytophthora capsici on cucurbitas and peppers in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 29: 153-158.
  • Thilagavathi R, Saravanakumar D, Ragupathi N, Samiyappan R (2007) A combination of bio-control agents improves the management of dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in green gram. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 46: 157-167.
  • Tjamos EC, Tsitsigiannis DI, Tjamos SE, Antoniou PP, Katinakis P (2004) Selection and screening of endorhizosphere bacteria from solarized soils as biocontrol agents against Verticillium dahliae of solanaceous hosts. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110: 35-44.
  • Townsend GR, Heuberger JW (1943) Methods for Estimating Losses Caused by Diseases in Fungicide Experiments. Plant Disease Report 27: 340-343.
  • Verma PP, Shelake RM, Das S, Sharma P, Kim J (2019) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Fungi (PGPF): Potential biological control agents of diseases and pests. In: Singh DP, Gupta VK, Prabha R (Eds), Microbial Inventions in Agriculture and Environment. Springer, pp. 281-312.
  • Yadeta KA, Thomma BPHJ (2013) The xylem as battleground for plant hosts and vascular wilt pathogens. Frontier in Plant Science 4: 97.
  • Yerchyk V (2008) Virulence of strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Zemdirbyste 95: 359-365.
  • Zhang F, Li XL, Zhu SJ, Ojaghian MR, Zang JZ (2018) Biocontrol potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa against Verticillium dahliae infecting cotton plants. Biological Control 127: 70-77.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Melis Bilginturan This is me 0000-0002-4351-7646

Gürsel Hatat Karaca 0000-0002-5159-2734

Project Number OYP05268-DR-14
Publication Date December 1, 2021
Submission Date March 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 34 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bilginturan, M., & Hatat Karaca, G. (2021). Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 34(3), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.897989
AMA Bilginturan M, Hatat Karaca G. Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. December 2021;34(3):267-272. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.897989
Chicago Bilginturan, Melis, and Gürsel Hatat Karaca. “Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR Applications on Growth and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 34, no. 3 (December 2021): 267-72. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.897989.
EndNote Bilginturan M, Hatat Karaca G (December 1, 2021) Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 34 3 267–272.
IEEE M. Bilginturan and G. Hatat Karaca, “Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant”, Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 267–272, 2021, doi: 10.29136/mediterranean.897989.
ISNAD Bilginturan, Melis - Hatat Karaca, Gürsel. “Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR Applications on Growth and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 34/3 (December 2021), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.897989.
JAMA Bilginturan M, Hatat Karaca G. Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2021;34:267–272.
MLA Bilginturan, Melis and Gürsel Hatat Karaca. “Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR Applications on Growth and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, 2021, pp. 267-72, doi:10.29136/mediterranean.897989.
Vancouver Bilginturan M, Hatat Karaca G. Effects of Trichoderma and PGPR applications on growth and Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2021;34(3):267-72.

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