Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 28 - 35, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.774416

Abstract

This study was intended to determine the lead accumulation levels in liver, gill, kidney, brain, and muscle tissues of Clarias gariepinus (African sharp tooth catfish) under the sole effect of lead (1.0 and 2.0 ppm) and combined with EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) (2.0 and 4.0 ppm) for 7, 15, and 30 days. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine tissue lead levels, and the SPSS package program was used for statistical evaluation of the experimental data. No mortality was observed in fish over the time periods of the experiments, and concentrations were determined with lead only and with lead together with EDTA. At the end of the experimental periods, the presence of lead increased the metal accumulation in the tissues and organs examined when compared to the control, and, in terms of accumulation, a relationship was determined between the tissues in the order of gill > kidney >liver > brain > muscle. The effect of lead together with EDTA was reduced lead accumulation in tissues and organs when compared to the effect of lead only.

Supporting Institution

Mersin University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Project Number

2017-1-TP2-2071

Thanks

We would like to thank the Mersin University Scientific Research Projects Unit for supporting the 2017-1-TP2-2071 project. This paper is a part of MSc Thesis of Adeviye Yavuz. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 19th National Symposium on Fisheries, Sinop, Turkey.

References

  • Abdullah, S., Javed, M. & Javid, A. (2007). Studies on acute toxicity of metals to the fish (Labeo rohita). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(2): 333-337.
  • Alkahemal-Balawi, H. F., Ahmad, Z., Al-Akel, A. S., Al-Misned, F., Suliman, El. A. M. & Al-Ghanim, K. A. (2011). Toxicity bioassay of lead acetate and effects of its sublethal exposure on growth, haematological parameters and reproduction in Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biotech, 10(53): 11039-11047. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1463
  • Al-Balawi, H. F. A., Al-Akel, A. S., Al-Misned, F., El Amin, M. S., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Mahboob, S. & Ahmad, Z. (2013). Effects of sub-lethal exposure of lead acetate on histopathology of gills, liver, kidney and muscle and its accumulation in these organs of Clarias gariepinus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56(2): 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132013000200015.
  • Alves, L. C. & Wood, C. M. (2006). The chronic effects of dietary lead in freshwater juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed elevated calcium diets. Aquatic Toxicology, 78: 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.005
  • Banaee, M., Haghi, B. N. & Zoheiri, F. (2013). LC50 and bioaccumulation of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(5): 233-239. https://doi.org/10.22034/ ijab.v1i5.153
  • Bawa-Allah, K. A. & Saliu, J. K. (2015). Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation patterns of lead and zinc in juveniles of Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Science Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 9(1): 42-47. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-09124247
  • Canlı, M. & Kargın, F. (1995). A comparative study on heavy metal (Cd,Cr, Pb and Ni) accumulation in the tissue of the carp Cyprinus carpio and the nile fish Tilapia nilotica. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 19: 165–171.
  • Cengiz, E. İ. (2006). Gill and kidney histopathology in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio after acute exposure to deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 22: 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.006
  • Cicik, B., Ay, Ö. & Karayakar, F. (2004). Effects of lead and cadmium interaction on the metal accumulation in tissue and organs of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1(72): 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0252-5
  • Clearwater, S. J., Farag, A. M. & Meyer, J. S. (2002). Review: Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C, 132: 269–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00078-9
  • Çiftçi, N., Cicik, B., Erdem, C. & Ay, Ö. (2008). Effects of lead concentrations on sera parameters and hematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2(4): 616-622. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2008025
  • Eisler, R. (2000). Handbook of chemical risk assessment health hazards to humans, plants and animals: Vol 1, United States of America, 844p.
  • Figueiredo-Fernandes, A., Fontanhas-Fernandes, A., Rocha, E. & Reis-Henriques, M. A. (2006). The effect of paraquat on hepatic EROD activity, liver and gonadal histology in males and females of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed at different temperatures. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 51: 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0208-3
  • Gül, A., Yılmaz, M. & Işılak, Z. (2009). Acute toxicity of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) to guppies (Poecilia reticulata P.1859). Gazi University Journal of Science, 22(2): 59-65.
  • James, R., Sampath, K. & Selvamani, P. (1998). Effect of EDTA on reduction of copper toxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60: 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900651
  • Jezierska, B. & Witeska, M. (2006). The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation, 3(23): 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4728-2_6
  • Karaman, Z. & Dörücü, M. (2017). Balıklarda bağışıklık sistemi organları ve histolojisi. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 65-74.
  • Karataş, S. & Kalay, M. (2002). Tilapia zilli’nin solungaç, karaciğer, böbrek ve beyin dokularında kurşun birikimi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 26: 471-477.
  • Katti, S. R. & Sathyanesan, A. G. (1986). Lead nitrate induced changes in the brain constituents of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (L). Neurotoxicology, 7(3): 47–52.
  • Kedziorek, M. A. M. & Bourg, A. C. M. (2000). Solubilization of lead and cadmium during the percolation of EDTA through a soil polluted by smelting activities. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 40: 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00056-X
  • Khidr, B. M., Mekkawy, I. A. A., Harabawy, A. S. A. & Ohaida, A. S. M. I. (2012). Effect of lead nitrate on the liver of the cichlid fish (Oreochromis niloticus): A light microscope study. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(18): 854-862. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2012.854.862
  • Kusemiju, V., Patience, A. & Oluwatoyin, A. J. (2012). Accumulation of lead in the tissues of freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to static nominal concentrations of lead nitrate. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3(12): 510-515. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2012.3.12.510.515
  • Łuszczek-Trojnar, E., Sionkowski, J., Drazg-Kozak, E. & Popek, W. (2016). Copper and lead accumulation in common carp females during long-term dietary exposure to these metals in pond conditions. Aquaculture Research, 47: 2334–2348. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12689
  • Martinez, C. B. R., Nagae, M. Y., Zaia, C. T. B. V. & Zaia, D. A. M. (2004). Acute morphological and physiological effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64(4): 797-807. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842004000500009
  • Mazon, A. F., Monteiro, E. A. S., Pinheiro, G. H. D. & Fernandes, M. N. (2002). Hematological and physiological changes induced by short-term exposure to copper in the freshwater fish, Prochilodus Scrofa. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(4A): 621-631. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000400010.
  • Mohanambal, R. & Puvaneswari, S. (2013). Bioaccumulatıon of lead in various tissues of the freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). International Journal of Development Research, 3(8): 54-60.
  • Morgan, J. D., Sakamoto, T., Grau, E. G. & Iwama, G. K. (1997). Physiological and respiratory responses of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to salinity acclimation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117A(3): 391–398. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00261-7
  • Muramoto, S. (1980). Effects of complexans (EDTA, NTA and DTPA) on the exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25: 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01985635
  • Muramoto, S. (1983). Elimination of copper from Cu-contaminated fish by long term exposure to EDTA and freshwater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 18(3): 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934528309375113
  • Ogbuagu, D. H., Adebayo, E. T., Ayoade, A. A., Ugwu, O. B. & Mba, D. O. (2015). Lead accumulation in and its haematological effects on African catfish Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 40(2): 201–204. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2015.1028325
  • Poleksic, V. & Mitrovic-Tutundzic, V. (1994). Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and chronic effects of pollution (pp. 339-352). In: Mulls, R, Llyod (Eds) on freshwater fish. Oxford, London, UK: Fishing News books.
  • Ribeiro, A. M., Risso, W. E., Fernandes, M. N. & Martinez, C. B. R. (2014). Lead accumulation and its effects on the branchial physiology of Prochilodus lineatus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40: 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9873-8
  • Shalaby, A. M. E. (2007). Effect of EDTA on toxicity reduction of cadmium in relation to growth some haematological and biochemical profiles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2(2): 100-109.
  • Shukla, V., Dhankhar, M., Prakash, J. & Sastry, K.V. (2007). Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa punctatus. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2): 395-397. Soengas, J. L. & Aldegunde, M. (2002). Review. Energy metabolism of fish brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 131: 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00022-2
  • Tao, S., Li, H., Liu, C. & Lam, K. C. (2000). Fish uptake of inorganic and mucus complexes of lead. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46: 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1902
  • Van Dyk, J. C., Pieterse, G. M. & Van Vuren, J. H. J. (2007). Histological changes in the liver of Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae) after exposure to cadmium and zinc. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66: 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.012
  • Vosylienė, M. Z. (1999). The effect of heavy metals on haematological indices of fish (survey). Acta Zoologica Lituanica. Hydrobiologia, 9(2): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13921657.1999.10512290
Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 28 - 35, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.774416

Abstract

Project Number

2017-1-TP2-2071

References

  • Abdullah, S., Javed, M. & Javid, A. (2007). Studies on acute toxicity of metals to the fish (Labeo rohita). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(2): 333-337.
  • Alkahemal-Balawi, H. F., Ahmad, Z., Al-Akel, A. S., Al-Misned, F., Suliman, El. A. M. & Al-Ghanim, K. A. (2011). Toxicity bioassay of lead acetate and effects of its sublethal exposure on growth, haematological parameters and reproduction in Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biotech, 10(53): 11039-11047. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1463
  • Al-Balawi, H. F. A., Al-Akel, A. S., Al-Misned, F., El Amin, M. S., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Mahboob, S. & Ahmad, Z. (2013). Effects of sub-lethal exposure of lead acetate on histopathology of gills, liver, kidney and muscle and its accumulation in these organs of Clarias gariepinus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56(2): 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132013000200015.
  • Alves, L. C. & Wood, C. M. (2006). The chronic effects of dietary lead in freshwater juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed elevated calcium diets. Aquatic Toxicology, 78: 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.005
  • Banaee, M., Haghi, B. N. & Zoheiri, F. (2013). LC50 and bioaccumulation of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(5): 233-239. https://doi.org/10.22034/ ijab.v1i5.153
  • Bawa-Allah, K. A. & Saliu, J. K. (2015). Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation patterns of lead and zinc in juveniles of Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Science Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 9(1): 42-47. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-09124247
  • Canlı, M. & Kargın, F. (1995). A comparative study on heavy metal (Cd,Cr, Pb and Ni) accumulation in the tissue of the carp Cyprinus carpio and the nile fish Tilapia nilotica. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 19: 165–171.
  • Cengiz, E. İ. (2006). Gill and kidney histopathology in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio after acute exposure to deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 22: 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.006
  • Cicik, B., Ay, Ö. & Karayakar, F. (2004). Effects of lead and cadmium interaction on the metal accumulation in tissue and organs of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1(72): 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0252-5
  • Clearwater, S. J., Farag, A. M. & Meyer, J. S. (2002). Review: Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C, 132: 269–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00078-9
  • Çiftçi, N., Cicik, B., Erdem, C. & Ay, Ö. (2008). Effects of lead concentrations on sera parameters and hematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2(4): 616-622. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2008025
  • Eisler, R. (2000). Handbook of chemical risk assessment health hazards to humans, plants and animals: Vol 1, United States of America, 844p.
  • Figueiredo-Fernandes, A., Fontanhas-Fernandes, A., Rocha, E. & Reis-Henriques, M. A. (2006). The effect of paraquat on hepatic EROD activity, liver and gonadal histology in males and females of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed at different temperatures. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 51: 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0208-3
  • Gül, A., Yılmaz, M. & Işılak, Z. (2009). Acute toxicity of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) to guppies (Poecilia reticulata P.1859). Gazi University Journal of Science, 22(2): 59-65.
  • James, R., Sampath, K. & Selvamani, P. (1998). Effect of EDTA on reduction of copper toxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60: 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900651
  • Jezierska, B. & Witeska, M. (2006). The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation, 3(23): 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4728-2_6
  • Karaman, Z. & Dörücü, M. (2017). Balıklarda bağışıklık sistemi organları ve histolojisi. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 65-74.
  • Karataş, S. & Kalay, M. (2002). Tilapia zilli’nin solungaç, karaciğer, böbrek ve beyin dokularında kurşun birikimi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 26: 471-477.
  • Katti, S. R. & Sathyanesan, A. G. (1986). Lead nitrate induced changes in the brain constituents of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (L). Neurotoxicology, 7(3): 47–52.
  • Kedziorek, M. A. M. & Bourg, A. C. M. (2000). Solubilization of lead and cadmium during the percolation of EDTA through a soil polluted by smelting activities. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 40: 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00056-X
  • Khidr, B. M., Mekkawy, I. A. A., Harabawy, A. S. A. & Ohaida, A. S. M. I. (2012). Effect of lead nitrate on the liver of the cichlid fish (Oreochromis niloticus): A light microscope study. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(18): 854-862. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2012.854.862
  • Kusemiju, V., Patience, A. & Oluwatoyin, A. J. (2012). Accumulation of lead in the tissues of freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to static nominal concentrations of lead nitrate. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3(12): 510-515. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2012.3.12.510.515
  • Łuszczek-Trojnar, E., Sionkowski, J., Drazg-Kozak, E. & Popek, W. (2016). Copper and lead accumulation in common carp females during long-term dietary exposure to these metals in pond conditions. Aquaculture Research, 47: 2334–2348. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12689
  • Martinez, C. B. R., Nagae, M. Y., Zaia, C. T. B. V. & Zaia, D. A. M. (2004). Acute morphological and physiological effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64(4): 797-807. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842004000500009
  • Mazon, A. F., Monteiro, E. A. S., Pinheiro, G. H. D. & Fernandes, M. N. (2002). Hematological and physiological changes induced by short-term exposure to copper in the freshwater fish, Prochilodus Scrofa. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(4A): 621-631. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000400010.
  • Mohanambal, R. & Puvaneswari, S. (2013). Bioaccumulatıon of lead in various tissues of the freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). International Journal of Development Research, 3(8): 54-60.
  • Morgan, J. D., Sakamoto, T., Grau, E. G. & Iwama, G. K. (1997). Physiological and respiratory responses of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to salinity acclimation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117A(3): 391–398. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00261-7
  • Muramoto, S. (1980). Effects of complexans (EDTA, NTA and DTPA) on the exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25: 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01985635
  • Muramoto, S. (1983). Elimination of copper from Cu-contaminated fish by long term exposure to EDTA and freshwater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 18(3): 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934528309375113
  • Ogbuagu, D. H., Adebayo, E. T., Ayoade, A. A., Ugwu, O. B. & Mba, D. O. (2015). Lead accumulation in and its haematological effects on African catfish Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 40(2): 201–204. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2015.1028325
  • Poleksic, V. & Mitrovic-Tutundzic, V. (1994). Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and chronic effects of pollution (pp. 339-352). In: Mulls, R, Llyod (Eds) on freshwater fish. Oxford, London, UK: Fishing News books.
  • Ribeiro, A. M., Risso, W. E., Fernandes, M. N. & Martinez, C. B. R. (2014). Lead accumulation and its effects on the branchial physiology of Prochilodus lineatus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40: 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9873-8
  • Shalaby, A. M. E. (2007). Effect of EDTA on toxicity reduction of cadmium in relation to growth some haematological and biochemical profiles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2(2): 100-109.
  • Shukla, V., Dhankhar, M., Prakash, J. & Sastry, K.V. (2007). Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa punctatus. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2): 395-397. Soengas, J. L. & Aldegunde, M. (2002). Review. Energy metabolism of fish brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 131: 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00022-2
  • Tao, S., Li, H., Liu, C. & Lam, K. C. (2000). Fish uptake of inorganic and mucus complexes of lead. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46: 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1902
  • Van Dyk, J. C., Pieterse, G. M. & Van Vuren, J. H. J. (2007). Histological changes in the liver of Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae) after exposure to cadmium and zinc. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66: 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.012
  • Vosylienė, M. Z. (1999). The effect of heavy metals on haematological indices of fish (survey). Acta Zoologica Lituanica. Hydrobiologia, 9(2): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13921657.1999.10512290
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ecology, Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fahri Karayakar 0000-0002-8114-350X

Adeviye Yavuz This is me 0000-0003-2270-9080

Bedii Cicik 0000-0003-3982-9943

Project Number 2017-1-TP2-2071
Publication Date March 31, 2021
Submission Date July 27, 2020
Acceptance Date September 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karayakar, F., Yavuz, A., & Cicik, B. (2021). The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(1), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.774416
AMA Karayakar F, Yavuz A, Cicik B. The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. March 2021;10(1):28-35. doi:10.33714/masteb.774416
Chicago Karayakar, Fahri, Adeviye Yavuz, and Bedii Cicik. “The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias Gariepinus”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 10, no. 1 (March 2021): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.774416.
EndNote Karayakar F, Yavuz A, Cicik B (March 1, 2021) The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 10 1 28–35.
IEEE F. Karayakar, A. Yavuz, and B. Cicik, “The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 28–35, 2021, doi: 10.33714/masteb.774416.
ISNAD Karayakar, Fahri et al. “The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias Gariepinus”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 10/1 (March 2021), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.774416.
JAMA Karayakar F, Yavuz A, Cicik B. The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2021;10:28–35.
MLA Karayakar, Fahri et al. “The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias Gariepinus”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1, 2021, pp. 28-35, doi:10.33714/masteb.774416.
Vancouver Karayakar F, Yavuz A, Cicik B. The Effects of EDTA on Lead Accumulation in Tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2021;10(1):28-35.

27116