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Ecological and Phytogeographical Status and Species Composition of the Phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 606 - 616, 30.06.2022

Fatih Şahin Levent Bat Dilek Ediger Tarıq Al-najjar

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.904437
Cited By: 1

Abstract

One hundred and seven samples were collected from sea surface from 5 stations along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. 188 species were identified under six phytoplankton classes. Dinoflagellates dominate sixty percent of the total species. Diatoms constituted 38% and other groups represented by 2%. The geographical distribution of the identified species, 37% cosmopolitan, 28% boreal-tropical, 17% tropical, 11% tropical-subtropical, 4% boreal, 2% arcto-boreal and% 1 was determined as subtropical. According to ecological distribution, 88% of the species are marine and 12% marine-brackish origin. Also, 80% of the species are of pelagic origin, and 20% are benthic origin species. The phytoplankton species composition, phytogeographic and ecological distribution and species origins were presented from 2007 through 2008.

Keywords

Gulf of Aqaba phytoplankton species composition bioecology biogeography

Supporting Institution

This work was supported by NATO for “The Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba from Anthropogenic and Natural Stress in the Face of Global Climate Change Project

Project Number

SfP 981883

Thanks

This work was supported by NATO for “The Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba from Anthropogenic and Natural Stress in the Face of Global Climate Change Project (SfP 981883)”. A part of the data used in the present study has formerly been the subject of the Ph. D thesis (Sahin, 2010) for Fatih Şahin prepared in Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences (Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Levent Bat).

References

  • Abelson A, Shteinman B, Fine M, Kaganovsky S 1999. Mass transport from pollution sources to remote coral reefs in Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 38(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)80008-3.
  • Abu-Hilal AH 1987. Distribution of trace elements in nearshore surface sediments from the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 18(4), 190-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(87)90245-1.
  • Abu-Hilal AH 1997. Effects of coastal zone development and management on the coral reefs of the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). NOAA (ed) Report of the Middle East Seas Regional Strategy Workshop for the International Coral Reef Initiative. Aqaba, Jordan, 21-25 September 1997, pp. 245-260, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD.
  • Abu-Hilal AH, Badran MM 1990. Effect of pollution source on metal concentration in sediment cores from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 21(4), 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90501-X.
  • Al-Najjar T, Badran MI, Richter C, Meyerhoefer M, Sommer U 2007. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 579, 69-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0365-z.
  • Al-Qutob M, Häse C, Tilzer MM, Lazar B 2002. Phytoplankton drives nitrite dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239233.
  • Azov Y 1986. Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton productivity and abundance in near shore oligotrophic waters of the Levant Basin (Mediterranean). J. Plankton Res. 8(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/8.1.41.
  • Badran M, Rasheed M, Manasrah R, Al-Najjar T 2005. Nutrient flux fuels the summer primary productivity in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Oceanologia 47(1), 47–60.
  • Berman T, Azov Y, Schneller A, Walline P, Townsend DW 1986. Extent, transparency, and phytoplankton distribution of the neritic waters overlying the Israeli coastal shelf. Oceanol. Acta 9(4), 439-447.
  • Cupp EE 1943. Marine Plankton Diatoms of the West Coast of North America. UC San Diego: Library-Scripps Digital Collection. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/922945w8.
  • Dowidar NM 1983. The genus Ceratium from the Red Sea. J. Fac. Mar. Sci. 3, 5-37.
  • Dowidar N, Raheem El-Din S, Aleem A 1978. Pytoplankton populations in the region of Obhor, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci. King Abdull Aziz Univ., Jeddah, 2, 271-292.
  • Genin A 2005. The Israel National Monitoring Program in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba. Israel Ministry of the Environment, Science Report for Year 2004, p.129.
  • Genin A, Lazar B, Brenner S 1995. Vertical mixing and coral death in the Red Sea following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Nature 377, 507-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377507a0.
  • Godeaux J 1986. The Gulf of Aqaba, a zone of great biological interest. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci. 49, 104-106.
  • Gregory JW 1921. The Rift Valleys and Geology of East Africa. Seely, Service and Co., London, p. 479.
  • Guiry MD, Guiry, GM 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 09 March 2021.
  • Halim Y 1960. Observations on the Nile bloom of phytoplankton in the Mediterranean. Extrait Du Journal Conseil International Pour L’ exploration De La Mer, 26(1), 5-67.
  • Halim Y 1969. Plankton of the Red Sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology, A. Rew, 7, 231-275.
  • Hillebrand H, Dürselen CD, Kirschtel D, Pollingher U, Zohary T 1999. Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology 35, 403-424. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x.
  • Khalaf MA, Kochzius M 2002. Changes in the trophic community structure of shore fishes at an industrial site in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 287-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24866067.
  • Kimor B 1990. Microplankton of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez and the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean. Bull. Istit. Oceanographique, Monaco 7, 29–38, no. special.
  • Kimor B, Berman T, Schneller A 1987. Phytoplankton assemblages in the deep chlorophyll maximum layers off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. J. Plankton Res. 9(3), 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/9.3.433.
  • Kiselev IA 1950. Dinoflagellate of the seas and fresh waters of the USSR. Leningrad /Moscow. p. 279 (in Russian).
  • Labiosa RG, Arrigo KR, Genin A, Monismith SG, Dijken G 2003. The interplay between upwelling and deep convective mixing in determining the seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from SeaWiFS and MODIS. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48(6), 2355–2368. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.2003.48.6.2355.
  • Laiolo L, Barausse A, Dubinsky Z, Palmeri L, Goffredo S, Kamenir Y, Al-Najjar T, Iluz D 2014. Phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat, Red Sea): A simulation study of mariculture effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 86(1-2), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.026.
  • Lazar B, Erez J, Silverman J, Rivlin T, Rivlin A, Dray M, Meeder M, Iluz D 2008. Recent environmental changes in the chemical-biological oceanography of the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat). In: Por, F.D. (Ed.), Aqaba-Eilat, the improbable gulf. Environment, Biodiversity and Preservation. Magnes Press, Jerusalem. pp. 49-62.
  • Lindell D, Post AF 1995. Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40(6), 1130-1141. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1130.
  • Mackey KRM, Labiosa RG, Calhoun M, Sreet JH, Post A, Paytan A 2007. Phosphorus availability, phytoplankton community dynamics, and taxon-specific phosphorus status in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52(2), 873-885. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0873.
  • Madkour FF, El-Sherbiny MM, Aamer MA 2007. Phytoplankton population along the Egyptian Coastal Water of the Northern Red Sea. Int. Conf. on Rapid Urbanization and Land Use Conflicts in Coastal Cities, 30 October- 01 November 2007, Aqaba-Jordan, pp. 93-102.
  • Mergner H 1981. Man-made influences on and natural changes in the settlement of the Aqaba reefs (Red Sea). In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium 1. pp. 193-207.
  • Oren OH 1970. Seasonal changes in the physical and chemical characteristics and the production in the low trophic level of the Mediterranean waters off Israel. Special Publication. Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa. p. 238.
  • Post AF, Dedej Z, Gottlieb R, Li H, Thomas DN, El-Absawi M, El-Naggar A, El-Gharabawi M, Sommer U 2002. Spatial and temporal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. in the stratified Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239241.
  • Proshkina-Lavienko AI 1955. Diatoms of the plankton of the Black Sea. Leningrad/Moscow. p. 220 (in Russian).
  • Rampi L, Bernhard R 1980. Chiave per la determinazione delle Peridinee pelagiche Mediterranee. Comi. Naz. Energia Nucleare, CNENRT/B10, 80, 8, Rome.
  • Sahin F 2010. Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea Phytoplankton Composition and Marker Pigments. PhD Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Samsun-Turkey. p. 476 (in Turkish).
  • Senichkina L 1986. The calculation of cell volumes on diatoms using the coefficients at volumetric capacity. Hydrobiological Journal 22 (1), 56-59 (in Russian).
  • Shaikh EA, Roff JC, Dowidar NM 1986. Phytoplankton ecology and production in the Red Sea off Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. Marine Biology: International Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters 92(3), 405-416. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF00392681.
  • Sommer U 2000. Scarcity of medium-sized phytoplankton in the Red Sea explained by strong bottom-up and weak top-down control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 197, 19-25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24855741.
  • Sommer U, Berninger UG, Böttger-Schnack R, Cornils A, Hagen W, Hansen T, Al-Najjar T, Post AF, Schnack-Schiel SB, Stibor H, Stübing D, Wickham S 2002. Grazing during early spring in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239251.
  • Spektor DL 1984. Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, Florida, p. 543.
  • Subra Rao DV, Al-Yamani F 1998. Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz, Arabian Gulf: A review. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 45(2), 101-116.
  • Sukhanova ZN 1978. Settling without the inverted microscope. In: Sournia A. (Ed.) Phytoplankton Manual. UNESCO, page Brothers (Nourisch) Ltd., pp. 97-98.
  • UNEP/IUCN 1998. United Nations Environment Programme/International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Coral reefs of the world. UNEP Regional Seas Directories and Bibliographies. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, and UNEP, Nairobi, pp. 145-151.
  • Walker DI, Ormond RFG 1982. Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(82)90492-1.
  • Weikert H 1987. Plankton and the pelagic environment. In: Edwards, A.J., Head, S.M. (Ed.), Key Environments: Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 90-111.

Akabe Körfezi (Kızıldeniz) Fitoplanktonunun Ekolojik ve Fitocoğrafik Durumu ve Tür Kompozisyonu

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 606 - 616, 30.06.2022

Fatih Şahin Levent Bat Dilek Ediger Tarıq Al-najjar

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.904437
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Aqaba Körfezi Ürdün kıyılarından 5 istasyondan deniz yüzey suyundan 107 örnek toplanmıştır. 6 fitoplankton sınıfına ait 188 fitoplankton türü tespit edilmiştir. Toplam tür sayısının %60’ı dinoflagellatlar tarafından domine edilmiştir. Toplam tür sayısının %38’ini diatomlar ve %2’sini diğer gruplar oluşturmuştur. Tespit edilen türlerin coğrafi dağılımı; % 37 kozmopolit, % 28 boreal-tropikal, % 17 tropikal, % 11 tropikal-subtropikal, % 4 boreal, % 2 arkto-boreal ve % 1 subtropikal olarak belirlenmiştir. Ekolojik dağılıma göre türlerin % 88'i deniz, % 12'si deniz-acı su kökenlidir. Ayrıca türlerin % 80'i pelajik kökenlidir ve % 20'si bentik kökenli türlerdir. 2007-2008 döneminde fitoplankton tür kompozisyonu, fitocoğrafik ve ekolojik dağılımı ve türlerin kökenleri sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Akabe Körfezi fitoplankton tür kompozisyonu biyoekoloji biyocoğrafya

Project Number

SfP 981883

References

  • Abelson A, Shteinman B, Fine M, Kaganovsky S 1999. Mass transport from pollution sources to remote coral reefs in Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 38(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)80008-3.
  • Abu-Hilal AH 1987. Distribution of trace elements in nearshore surface sediments from the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 18(4), 190-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(87)90245-1.
  • Abu-Hilal AH 1997. Effects of coastal zone development and management on the coral reefs of the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). NOAA (ed) Report of the Middle East Seas Regional Strategy Workshop for the International Coral Reef Initiative. Aqaba, Jordan, 21-25 September 1997, pp. 245-260, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD.
  • Abu-Hilal AH, Badran MM 1990. Effect of pollution source on metal concentration in sediment cores from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 21(4), 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90501-X.
  • Al-Najjar T, Badran MI, Richter C, Meyerhoefer M, Sommer U 2007. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 579, 69-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0365-z.
  • Al-Qutob M, Häse C, Tilzer MM, Lazar B 2002. Phytoplankton drives nitrite dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239233.
  • Azov Y 1986. Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton productivity and abundance in near shore oligotrophic waters of the Levant Basin (Mediterranean). J. Plankton Res. 8(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/8.1.41.
  • Badran M, Rasheed M, Manasrah R, Al-Najjar T 2005. Nutrient flux fuels the summer primary productivity in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Oceanologia 47(1), 47–60.
  • Berman T, Azov Y, Schneller A, Walline P, Townsend DW 1986. Extent, transparency, and phytoplankton distribution of the neritic waters overlying the Israeli coastal shelf. Oceanol. Acta 9(4), 439-447.
  • Cupp EE 1943. Marine Plankton Diatoms of the West Coast of North America. UC San Diego: Library-Scripps Digital Collection. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/922945w8.
  • Dowidar NM 1983. The genus Ceratium from the Red Sea. J. Fac. Mar. Sci. 3, 5-37.
  • Dowidar N, Raheem El-Din S, Aleem A 1978. Pytoplankton populations in the region of Obhor, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci. King Abdull Aziz Univ., Jeddah, 2, 271-292.
  • Genin A 2005. The Israel National Monitoring Program in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba. Israel Ministry of the Environment, Science Report for Year 2004, p.129.
  • Genin A, Lazar B, Brenner S 1995. Vertical mixing and coral death in the Red Sea following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Nature 377, 507-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377507a0.
  • Godeaux J 1986. The Gulf of Aqaba, a zone of great biological interest. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci. 49, 104-106.
  • Gregory JW 1921. The Rift Valleys and Geology of East Africa. Seely, Service and Co., London, p. 479.
  • Guiry MD, Guiry, GM 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 09 March 2021.
  • Halim Y 1960. Observations on the Nile bloom of phytoplankton in the Mediterranean. Extrait Du Journal Conseil International Pour L’ exploration De La Mer, 26(1), 5-67.
  • Halim Y 1969. Plankton of the Red Sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology, A. Rew, 7, 231-275.
  • Hillebrand H, Dürselen CD, Kirschtel D, Pollingher U, Zohary T 1999. Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology 35, 403-424. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x.
  • Khalaf MA, Kochzius M 2002. Changes in the trophic community structure of shore fishes at an industrial site in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 287-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24866067.
  • Kimor B 1990. Microplankton of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez and the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean. Bull. Istit. Oceanographique, Monaco 7, 29–38, no. special.
  • Kimor B, Berman T, Schneller A 1987. Phytoplankton assemblages in the deep chlorophyll maximum layers off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. J. Plankton Res. 9(3), 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/9.3.433.
  • Kiselev IA 1950. Dinoflagellate of the seas and fresh waters of the USSR. Leningrad /Moscow. p. 279 (in Russian).
  • Labiosa RG, Arrigo KR, Genin A, Monismith SG, Dijken G 2003. The interplay between upwelling and deep convective mixing in determining the seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from SeaWiFS and MODIS. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48(6), 2355–2368. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.2003.48.6.2355.
  • Laiolo L, Barausse A, Dubinsky Z, Palmeri L, Goffredo S, Kamenir Y, Al-Najjar T, Iluz D 2014. Phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat, Red Sea): A simulation study of mariculture effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 86(1-2), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.026.
  • Lazar B, Erez J, Silverman J, Rivlin T, Rivlin A, Dray M, Meeder M, Iluz D 2008. Recent environmental changes in the chemical-biological oceanography of the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat). In: Por, F.D. (Ed.), Aqaba-Eilat, the improbable gulf. Environment, Biodiversity and Preservation. Magnes Press, Jerusalem. pp. 49-62.
  • Lindell D, Post AF 1995. Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40(6), 1130-1141. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1130.
  • Mackey KRM, Labiosa RG, Calhoun M, Sreet JH, Post A, Paytan A 2007. Phosphorus availability, phytoplankton community dynamics, and taxon-specific phosphorus status in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52(2), 873-885. http://doi.wiley.com/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0873.
  • Madkour FF, El-Sherbiny MM, Aamer MA 2007. Phytoplankton population along the Egyptian Coastal Water of the Northern Red Sea. Int. Conf. on Rapid Urbanization and Land Use Conflicts in Coastal Cities, 30 October- 01 November 2007, Aqaba-Jordan, pp. 93-102.
  • Mergner H 1981. Man-made influences on and natural changes in the settlement of the Aqaba reefs (Red Sea). In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium 1. pp. 193-207.
  • Oren OH 1970. Seasonal changes in the physical and chemical characteristics and the production in the low trophic level of the Mediterranean waters off Israel. Special Publication. Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa. p. 238.
  • Post AF, Dedej Z, Gottlieb R, Li H, Thomas DN, El-Absawi M, El-Naggar A, El-Gharabawi M, Sommer U 2002. Spatial and temporal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. in the stratified Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239241.
  • Proshkina-Lavienko AI 1955. Diatoms of the plankton of the Black Sea. Leningrad/Moscow. p. 220 (in Russian).
  • Rampi L, Bernhard R 1980. Chiave per la determinazione delle Peridinee pelagiche Mediterranee. Comi. Naz. Energia Nucleare, CNENRT/B10, 80, 8, Rome.
  • Sahin F 2010. Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea Phytoplankton Composition and Marker Pigments. PhD Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Samsun-Turkey. p. 476 (in Turkish).
  • Senichkina L 1986. The calculation of cell volumes on diatoms using the coefficients at volumetric capacity. Hydrobiological Journal 22 (1), 56-59 (in Russian).
  • Shaikh EA, Roff JC, Dowidar NM 1986. Phytoplankton ecology and production in the Red Sea off Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. Marine Biology: International Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters 92(3), 405-416. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF00392681.
  • Sommer U 2000. Scarcity of medium-sized phytoplankton in the Red Sea explained by strong bottom-up and weak top-down control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 197, 19-25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24855741.
  • Sommer U, Berninger UG, Böttger-Schnack R, Cornils A, Hagen W, Hansen T, Al-Najjar T, Post AF, Schnack-Schiel SB, Stibor H, Stübing D, Wickham S 2002. Grazing during early spring in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 239, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps239251.
  • Spektor DL 1984. Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, Florida, p. 543.
  • Subra Rao DV, Al-Yamani F 1998. Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz, Arabian Gulf: A review. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 45(2), 101-116.
  • Sukhanova ZN 1978. Settling without the inverted microscope. In: Sournia A. (Ed.) Phytoplankton Manual. UNESCO, page Brothers (Nourisch) Ltd., pp. 97-98.
  • UNEP/IUCN 1998. United Nations Environment Programme/International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Coral reefs of the world. UNEP Regional Seas Directories and Bibliographies. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, and UNEP, Nairobi, pp. 145-151.
  • Walker DI, Ormond RFG 1982. Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(82)90492-1.
  • Weikert H 1987. Plankton and the pelagic environment. In: Edwards, A.J., Head, S.M. (Ed.), Key Environments: Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 90-111.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Fatih Şahin 0000-0003-0605-2672

Levent Bat 0000-0002-2289-6691

Dilek Ediger 0000-0003-4417-8815

Tarıq Al-najjar 0000-0002-6462-0773

Project Number SfP 981883
Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 28, 2021
Acceptance Date July 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 25 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Şahin, F., Bat, L., Ediger, D., Al-najjar, T. (2022). Ecological and Phytogeographical Status and Species Composition of the Phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(3), 606-616. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.904437

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