Research Article
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Surface Deterioration in Stone Walls

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 428 - 451, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.922313

Abstract

Stone is the longest lasting building material used throughout the ages. However, it is seen that the stone material also deteriorated over time. In this study, first of all, the structural features that affect the use of the stone are mentioned. How the stone is formed determines its technical properties. These technical features form the necessary parameters to decide where and under which conditions the stone will be used. When this process cannot be determined, the decay of the stone can ocur more easily. In the study, after the determination of the technical properties of the stone, the types of degradation that cause the destruction of the stone are mentioned. In the examination of stone weathering types, the subject is discussed under two main headings as internal structure of the stone and external factors. In this context, the decay caused by the internal structure of the stone has been discussed with its mineralogical properties, Grain and crystal structure, chemical and physical properties due to the stone formation. As the second cause of decay, external factors are also considered as physical, physico-chemical effects and mechanical effects, as well as effects related to humans, plants and animals, were transferred by sampling.

References

  • Çetin, C., (2012). Taş Malzeme Bilgisi ve Bozulmaları, Ders Notları- Ders Taş Bozulma Türleri, Ankara.
  • Çetintaş S., Akboğa Z., (2020). Investigation of resistance to ageing by SO2 on some building stone, Construction and Building Materials, Volume:262, 120341.
  • Dal, M., (2008). Kırklareli (Vize-Pınarhisar) Bölgesi kalkerlerinin restorasyonda kullanılabilirliği, Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne.
  • Dal M., (2021). The Deterioration Problems Observed in the Natural Building Blocks of Saint George Church in Diyarbakır Province, Online Journal of Art and Design, volume 9, issue 1, January, Pg: 254-262
  • Deplazes A., (2005). Constructing Architecture Materials Processes Structures a Handbook, Birkhauser Publishersfor Architecture - Berlin, ISBN: 10:3-7643-7312-1, Pg:32
  • EL-Gohary M.A., (2017). Environmental impacts: weathering factors, mechanism and form saffected the stone decaying in Petra, Journal of African Earth Sciences, First available on 8 September, Vol. 135, pp. 204-212.
  • Eriç, M., (1994). Yapı Fiziği ve Malzemesi, Literatür yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN: 978-01-8, sf: 17, 131, 80
  • Güngör, Y., Angı, S., Yüzer, E., (2008). Doğal Taş Deyince, Granitaş Taş Kültürü Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Gürdal E., Acun Özgünler S., (2016). Tarihi Yapıların Onarımında Doğal Taş Seçimi ve Kullanımı, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, Sayı 16, sf: 27-35,
  • Hegger M., Auch-Schwelk V., Fuchs M., (2006). Construction Materials Manual, ISBN-10: 3-7643-7570-1 Gmb Hand Co. KG. Munichpg: 38-39
  • Hugues T.,Steiger L.,Weber J., (2005). Dressed Stone Types of Stone Details Examples, ISBN-10: 3-7643-7273-7, ISBN-13: 978-3-763-7273-6, Institutfür Internationale Architektur – Dokumentation, GmbH& Co.KG, Birkhäuser, pg: 108
  • Iñigo A.C., Vicente-Tavera S., (2001). Different degrees of Stone decay on the iner and outer walls of a Cloister, ELSEVIER Buildingand Environment, Volume 36, Issue 8, Pages 911-917
  • Kula D., Ternaux E., Hirsinger Q., (2009). Materiology the creative’s guide to material anstechnologies, ISBN: 978-3-7643-8424-1, pg: 91-96, Distribution: ISBN978-3-7643-8424-1, Basel/Switzerland
  • Küçükkaya, A.G., (2004). Taşların Bozulma Nedenleri, Koruma Yöntemleri, Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Megahed H. A., (2020). Hydrological and archaeological studies to detect the deterioration of Edfutemple in Upper Egypt due to environmental changes during the last five decades, Nov 6 2020,Volume:2, Article number:1952, Nature Applied Scieneces, Accession Number: WOS:000587311100002, eISSN: 2523-3971
  • Öcal A. D., Dal M., (2012). Doğal Taşlardaki Bozunmalar, İstanbul Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
  • Patil S. M., Kasthurba A. K., (2020). Weathering of Stone monuments: Damage assessment of basalt and laterite, Materials Today: Proceedings, press, corrected prof Available online, pp. 1-12, Rives V., García-Talegón J., (2006). Decay and Conservation of Building stones on Cultural Heritage Monuments, Materials Science Forum Vols. 514-516 (2006) pp. 1689-1694, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
  • Salvatore B., (2018). The geology of buildingstone: An understanding of the geological background of stone can help one make in formeddecisionsaboutitsuse, maintenance and restoration, Stone World, 2018, Issue 9, p38-44. 5p., ISSN 1052-6994, Accession Number 131601376
  • Smith B.J., Gomez-Heras M., McCabe S., (2008). ‘Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage’, Scholarly Journals, Progress in Physical Geography; London Vol. 32, Iss. 4, pp. 439-461. DOI:10.1177/0309133308098119, SAGE publications
  • Stambolov T., Asperen de Boer J.R. Jvan., (1976). The Deterioration and Conservation of Porous Building Materials in Monuments, International Centre for The Study of The Preservation and The Restoration of Cultural Property, pg:8, Roma
  • Yardımlı S., (2018). Madrasas as Educational Buildings in Van’ Cultural Landscape of VAN, TURKEY, Istanbul Aydın Unıversity Publications, E-ISBN 978-975-2438-33-0.
  • URL-1, (2021). https://www.archdaily.com/900757/padre-pio-pilgrimage-church-renzo-piano-building-workshop/5b80678ff197cc442b000009-padre-pio-pilgrimage-church-renzo-piano-building-workshop-photo?next_project=no (Erişim Tarihi 06.02.2021)

Taş Duvarlarda Yüzey Bozunmaları

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 428 - 451, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.922313

Abstract

Taş çağlar boyunca kullanılmış en uzun ömürlü yapı malzemesidir. Ancak yine de zaman içerisinde taş malzemenin de bozunarak harap olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle taşın kullanımına etki eden yapısal özelliklerine değinilmiştir. Taşın hangi koşullarda nasıl oluştuğu onun teknik özelliklerini belirlemektedir. Bu teknik özellikler de taşın hangi koşullarda nerede kullanılacağı hakkında karar vermek için gerekli parametreleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu süreç belirlenemediğinde taşın bozunması daha kolay gerçekleşebilmektedir. Çalışmada taşın teknik özelliklerinin belirlenmesinin ardından taşın tahrip olmasına neden olan bozunma türlerine değinilmiştir. Taşın bozunma türlerinin incelenmesinde de konu taşın iç yapısı ve dış etkenler olarak iki ana başlıkta ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda taşın iç yapısından kaynaklı bozunmalar taşın oluşumuna bağlı minerolojik özellikleri, tane ve kristal yapısı, kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri ile ele alınmıştır. İkinci bozunma nedeni olarak dış etkenler de fiziksel, fiziko-kimyasal etkiler ile mekanik ve ayrıca insan, bitki ve hayvanlara bağlı etkiler şeklinde ele alınmış, örnekler ile konu sunulmuştur.

References

  • Çetin, C., (2012). Taş Malzeme Bilgisi ve Bozulmaları, Ders Notları- Ders Taş Bozulma Türleri, Ankara.
  • Çetintaş S., Akboğa Z., (2020). Investigation of resistance to ageing by SO2 on some building stone, Construction and Building Materials, Volume:262, 120341.
  • Dal, M., (2008). Kırklareli (Vize-Pınarhisar) Bölgesi kalkerlerinin restorasyonda kullanılabilirliği, Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne.
  • Dal M., (2021). The Deterioration Problems Observed in the Natural Building Blocks of Saint George Church in Diyarbakır Province, Online Journal of Art and Design, volume 9, issue 1, January, Pg: 254-262
  • Deplazes A., (2005). Constructing Architecture Materials Processes Structures a Handbook, Birkhauser Publishersfor Architecture - Berlin, ISBN: 10:3-7643-7312-1, Pg:32
  • EL-Gohary M.A., (2017). Environmental impacts: weathering factors, mechanism and form saffected the stone decaying in Petra, Journal of African Earth Sciences, First available on 8 September, Vol. 135, pp. 204-212.
  • Eriç, M., (1994). Yapı Fiziği ve Malzemesi, Literatür yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN: 978-01-8, sf: 17, 131, 80
  • Güngör, Y., Angı, S., Yüzer, E., (2008). Doğal Taş Deyince, Granitaş Taş Kültürü Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Gürdal E., Acun Özgünler S., (2016). Tarihi Yapıların Onarımında Doğal Taş Seçimi ve Kullanımı, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, Sayı 16, sf: 27-35,
  • Hegger M., Auch-Schwelk V., Fuchs M., (2006). Construction Materials Manual, ISBN-10: 3-7643-7570-1 Gmb Hand Co. KG. Munichpg: 38-39
  • Hugues T.,Steiger L.,Weber J., (2005). Dressed Stone Types of Stone Details Examples, ISBN-10: 3-7643-7273-7, ISBN-13: 978-3-763-7273-6, Institutfür Internationale Architektur – Dokumentation, GmbH& Co.KG, Birkhäuser, pg: 108
  • Iñigo A.C., Vicente-Tavera S., (2001). Different degrees of Stone decay on the iner and outer walls of a Cloister, ELSEVIER Buildingand Environment, Volume 36, Issue 8, Pages 911-917
  • Kula D., Ternaux E., Hirsinger Q., (2009). Materiology the creative’s guide to material anstechnologies, ISBN: 978-3-7643-8424-1, pg: 91-96, Distribution: ISBN978-3-7643-8424-1, Basel/Switzerland
  • Küçükkaya, A.G., (2004). Taşların Bozulma Nedenleri, Koruma Yöntemleri, Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Megahed H. A., (2020). Hydrological and archaeological studies to detect the deterioration of Edfutemple in Upper Egypt due to environmental changes during the last five decades, Nov 6 2020,Volume:2, Article number:1952, Nature Applied Scieneces, Accession Number: WOS:000587311100002, eISSN: 2523-3971
  • Öcal A. D., Dal M., (2012). Doğal Taşlardaki Bozunmalar, İstanbul Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
  • Patil S. M., Kasthurba A. K., (2020). Weathering of Stone monuments: Damage assessment of basalt and laterite, Materials Today: Proceedings, press, corrected prof Available online, pp. 1-12, Rives V., García-Talegón J., (2006). Decay and Conservation of Building stones on Cultural Heritage Monuments, Materials Science Forum Vols. 514-516 (2006) pp. 1689-1694, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
  • Salvatore B., (2018). The geology of buildingstone: An understanding of the geological background of stone can help one make in formeddecisionsaboutitsuse, maintenance and restoration, Stone World, 2018, Issue 9, p38-44. 5p., ISSN 1052-6994, Accession Number 131601376
  • Smith B.J., Gomez-Heras M., McCabe S., (2008). ‘Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage’, Scholarly Journals, Progress in Physical Geography; London Vol. 32, Iss. 4, pp. 439-461. DOI:10.1177/0309133308098119, SAGE publications
  • Stambolov T., Asperen de Boer J.R. Jvan., (1976). The Deterioration and Conservation of Porous Building Materials in Monuments, International Centre for The Study of The Preservation and The Restoration of Cultural Property, pg:8, Roma
  • Yardımlı S., (2018). Madrasas as Educational Buildings in Van’ Cultural Landscape of VAN, TURKEY, Istanbul Aydın Unıversity Publications, E-ISBN 978-975-2438-33-0.
  • URL-1, (2021). https://www.archdaily.com/900757/padre-pio-pilgrimage-church-renzo-piano-building-workshop/5b80678ff197cc442b000009-padre-pio-pilgrimage-church-renzo-piano-building-workshop-photo?next_project=no (Erişim Tarihi 06.02.2021)
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architecture
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Dal 0000-0001-5330-1868

Seyhan Yardımlı 0000-0001-7186-9000

Publication Date June 15, 2021
Submission Date April 19, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dal, M., & Yardımlı, S. (2021). Taş Duvarlarda Yüzey Bozunmaları. Kent Akademisi, 14(2), 428-451. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.922313

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