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Plasma T3 and T4 Hormone Levels as Reference Values in Rehabilitated Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 31.03.2023

Evrim Sönmez Arzu Gürsoy Ergen

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1206133

Abstract

Applying appropriate criteria for raptors at rehabilitation stages including release and post release determines how healthy the animal can survive in its natural habitat for any length of time. In determining release criteria, clinical examinations of animals as well as clinical data should be evaluated. In this study, plasma T3 and T4 levels of 16 Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), 7 Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) and 7 Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) were determined at Kafkas University/ Kafkas Wildlife Conservation, Rescue, Rehabilitation Practice and Research Center between 2016-2018. All raptors were kept at the rehabilitation center for 1-3 months in bird care rooms and flight tunnels specially arranged for each species. Rehabilitated birds blood were collected before released to wild. Plasma T3 and T4 hormone levels were analysed and determined in raptors that considered suitable for release. Although small differences were detected between T3 and T4 values as a result of the analysis, no statistical difference was found. These small differences in values may be due to the metabolic responses and environmental conditions of each raptor. As a result, these plasma thyroid hormone levels in rehabilitated raptors can be accepted as reference values.

Keywords

bird physiology metabolism raptors rehabilitation thyroid hormones

References

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  • Bennett, K.A., Moss, S.E.W., Pomeroy, P., Speakman, J.R. & Fedak, M.A. (2012). Effects of handling regime and sex on changes in cortisol, thyroid hormones and body mass in fasting grey seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 161, 69-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.003.
  • Biswas, A., Mohan, J. & Sastry, K.V.H. (2010). Agedependent variation in hormonal concentration and biochemical constituents in blood plasma of Indian Native Fowl. Veterinary Medicine International, 3, 1- 5. DOI: 10.4061/2010/737292.
  • Black, P.A., David, D.V.M. & Horne, L.A. (2011). Hematologic parameters in raptor species in a rehabilitation setting before release. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 25(3), 192-198. DOI: 10.2307/41318139.
  • Chaudhuri, S. & Maiti, B.R. (1996). Changes in thyroid activity during the annual sexual cycle of a wild avian species, the treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda. European Journal of Morphology, 34(4), 321- 324. DOI: 10.1076/ejom.34.4.321.13043.
  • Choksi, N.Y., Jahnke, G.D., Hilaire, C. & Shelbyn, M. (2003). Role of thyroid hormones in human and laboratory animal reproductive health. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 68(6), 479-491. DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10045.
  • Clark, W.S. & Yosef, R. (1988). In-hand identification guide to Palearctic raptors. International Birding Centre in Eilat. IBCE Technical Publications 7.
  • Elliott, K.H., Welcker, J., Gaston, A.J., Hatch, S.A. & Palace, V., et al. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with resting metabolic rate, not daily energy expenditure, in two charadriiform seabirds. Open Biology, 2(6), 580-586. DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134358.
  • Fardell, L.L., Pavey, C.R. & Dickman, C.R. (2020). Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals. PeerJ, 8, 1-35. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9104.
  • Ferrer, M., Garcia-Rodriguez, T., Carrillo, J.C. & Castroviejo, J. (1987). Captive raptors (Gyps fulvus, Buteo buteo, Milvus migrans, Aquila heliaca). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 87(4), 1123-1127. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90049-1.
  • Fischer, C.P. & Romero, L.M. (2019). Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific. Conservation Physiology, 7(1), 1-38. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz093.
  • Fix, A.S. & Barrows, S.Z. (1990). Raptors rehabilitted in Iowa during 1986 and 1987: respospective study. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26(1), 18-21. DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-26.1.18.
  • Garcia-Rodrigez, T., Ferrer, M., Recio, F. & Castroviejo, J. (1987). Circadian rhythms of determined blood chemistry values in buzzards and eagle owls. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 88(4), 663-669. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90680-3.
  • Gentsch, R.P., Kjellander, P. & Röken, B.O. (2018). Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 64(11), 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1171-4 Gill, F.B. (1994). Ornithology, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman New York, NY, USA. ISBN-10: 0716749831.
  • Groscolasand, R. & Leloup, J. (1989). The effect of severe starvation and captivity stress on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in an Antarctic bird (Emperor Penguin). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 73(1), 108-117. DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90061-0.
  • Guerra, R.R., Dias, G.F., Bernadino, M.G.S., Nailson, A.N.J. & Guerra M.F.V.F. et al., (2018). Hematological standards, sormonal indexes and gonadal morphology of Roadside Hawks (Rupornis magnirostris). Archives of Veterinary Science, 23(1), 63-76. DOI: 10.5380/avs.v23i1.58580.
  • Guy, A.J., Curnoe, D. & Banks, P.B. (2014). Welfare based primate rehabilitationas a potential conservation strategy: does it measure up? Primates, 55, 139-147. DOI: 10.1007/s10329- 013-0386-y.
  • Harr, K.E. (2002). Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 31(3), 140-151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939- 165x.2002.tb00295.x.
  • Helmreich, D., Crouch, M., Dorr, N. & Parfitt, D. (2006). Peripheral triiodothyronine (T3) levels during escapable and inescapable shock. Physiology and Behaviour, 87(1), 114-119. DOI: /10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.010.
  • Helmreich, D., Parfitt, D., Lu, X.Y., Akil, H. & Watson, S. (2005). Relation between the hypothalamicpituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress. Neuroendocrinology, 81(3), 183-192. DOI: 10.1159/000087001.
  • Hudelson, K.S. & Hudelson, P.M. (2009). Endocrine considerations. Clinical Avian Medicine, 11, 541- 558.
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. ISSN 2307-8235.
  • Kaneko, J.J. (1997). Serum proteins and the dysproteins. 5th ed. In: Kaneko J.J., J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals - 6th Edition, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Koenig, J., Shine, R. & Shea, G. (2002). The dangers of life in the city: Pat-terns of activity, injury and mortality in suburban lizards (Tiliquascincoides). Journal of Herpetology, 36, 62-68. DOI: 10.1670/0022- 1511(2002)036[0062:TDOLIT]2.0.CO;2.
  • Kross, M.S., Ingram, K.P., Long, R.F. & Niles, M.T. (2018). Farmer perceptions and behaviors related to wildlife and on-farm conservation actions. Conservation Letters, 11(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1111/conl.12364.
  • Malik, A. & Valentine, A. (2018). Pain in birds: a review for veterinary nurses. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 33(1), 11-25. DOI: 10.1080/17415349.2017.1395304.
  • McClure, C.J.W. & Rolek, B.W. (2020). Relative conservation status of bird orders with special attention to raptors. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 1-7. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.593941.
  • Merryman, J.I. & Buckles, E.L. (1998). The avian thyroid gland. Part two: A review of function and pathophysiology. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 12, 238-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008.
  • Molina-Lo´pez, R. A., Casal, J. & Darwich L. (2011). Causes of morbidity in wild raptor populations admitted at a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Spain from 1995-2007: a long term retrospective study. Plos One, 6(9), e24603. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024603.
  • Morgan, K.N. & Tromborg, C.T. (2007). Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(3), 262-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032.
  • Mullineaux, E. (2014). Veterinary treatment and rehabilitation of indigenous wildlife. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 55(6), 293-300. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12213.
  • Quinn, Jr. M.J., Fench, Jr. J.B., McNabb, F.M.A. & Ottinger, M. (2005). The role of thyroxine on the production of plumage American Kestrel (Falco sparverius). Journal of Raptor Research, 39(1), 84-88.
  • Palme, R.S., Rettenbacher C.T., EL-Bahr, S.M., & Möstl, E. (2005). Stress hormones in mammals and birds. Comparative aspects regarding metabolism, excretion, and noninvasive measurement in fecal samples. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1040, 162-171. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.021.
  • Pyke, G.H. & Szabo, J.K. (2018). Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research. Conservation Biology, 32(1), 50-59. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12937.
  • Saran, K.A., Parker, G., Parker, R. & Dickman, C.R. (2011). Rehabilitation as a conservation tool: a case study using the common wombat. Pacific Conservation Biology, 17, 310-319. DOI: 10.1071/PC110310.
  • Schmidt, R.E. & Reavill, D.R. (2008). The avian thyroid gland. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11(1), 15-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008.
  • Schmidt, K.L. & Soma, K.K. (2008). Cortisol and corticosterone in the songbird immune and nervous systems: local vs. systemic levels during development. The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 295, 103-110. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00002.2008.
  • Sönmez, E. (2021). Plasma T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) hormone levels as reference values in rehabilitated healthy gray herons (Ardea cinerea). Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(3), 251-257. DOI: 10.31797/ vetbio.992819.
  • Sönmez, E., Gürsoy-Ergen, A., Özsemir, A.C., Çenesiz, S. & Çenesiz, M. (2021). The effects of environmental seasonal changes on Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) plasma T3 (Triiyodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) hormones. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(6), 5896-5903.
  • Spagnolo, V., Crippa, V., Marzia, A. & Sartorelli, P. (2006). Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 35(1), 82-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939- 165x.2006.tb00092.x.
  • Tribe, A. & Brown, P.R. (2000). The role of wildlife rescue groups in thecare and rehabilitation of Australian fauna. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5, 69-85. DOI: 10.1080/10871200009359180.
  • Wada, H., Daniel, A., Cristol, F.M., Mcnabb, A. & Hopkins, W.A. (2009). Suppressed adrenocortical responses and thyroid hormone levels in birds near a mercury-contaminated river. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(15), 6031-6038. DOI: 10.1021/es803707f.
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D. & Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Field endocrinology and conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 12- 18. DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.1.12.
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Rehabilite Edilmiş Şahin (Buteo buteo), Kızıl şahin (Buteo rufinus) ve Kaya kartalı (Aquila chrysaetos)’nda Referans plazma T3 ve T4 Hormon Seviyeleri

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 31.03.2023

Evrim Sönmez Arzu Gürsoy Ergen

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1206133

Abstract

Yırtıcı kuşların rehabilitasyonunda uygun salım kriterlerini belirlemek, kuşları doğal habitatlarına bıraktıktan sonra geri kalan hayatını ne kadar sağlıklı geçireceğini belirler. Salım kriterlerini belirlerken de hayvanların klinik muayenelerinin yanı sıra klinik verilerinin de imkanlar ölçüsünde incelenmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada 2016-2018 yılları arasında ‘Kafkas Üniversitesi/Kafkas Yaban Hayvanı Koruma, Kurtarma, Rehabilitasyon Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’ne getirilen 16 Kızıl şahin (Buteo buteo), 7 Şahin (Buteo rufinus) ve 7 Kaya kartalı (Aquila chrysaetos)’nın, rehabilitasyonları sonrasında tam sağlıklı şekilde doğaya salınmalarından önceki plazma T3 ve T4 seviyeleri tespit edildi. Değerlendirilen tüm kuşlar 1-3 ay süresince rehabilitasyon merkezinde türlerine özel olarak düzenlenmiş kuş bakım odaları ve uçuş tünellerinde tutuldu. Salınımı uygun görülen yırtıcılarda plazma T3 ve T4 hormon düzeyleri analiz edilerek belirlendi. Analiz sonucunda T3 ve T4 değerleri arasında küçük farklar saptansa da istatistiksel olarak fark bulunamadı. Değerlerdeki bu küçük farklılıklar, her yırtıcı hayvanın metabolik tepkileri ve çevresel koşullarından kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Sonuç olarak rehabilite edilmiş yırtıcılarda bu plazma tiroid hormonu seviyeleri referans değerler olarak kabul edilebilir.

Keywords

kuş fizyolojisi metabolizma rehabilitasyon tiroid hormonları yırtıcı

References

  • Angelier, F., Parenteau, C., Ruault, S. & Angelier, N. (2016). Endocrine consequences of an acute stress under different thermal conditions: A study of corticosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in the pigeon (Columbia livia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 196, 38-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.010.
  • Bennett, K.A., Moss, S.E.W., Pomeroy, P., Speakman, J.R. & Fedak, M.A. (2012). Effects of handling regime and sex on changes in cortisol, thyroid hormones and body mass in fasting grey seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 161, 69-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.003.
  • Biswas, A., Mohan, J. & Sastry, K.V.H. (2010). Agedependent variation in hormonal concentration and biochemical constituents in blood plasma of Indian Native Fowl. Veterinary Medicine International, 3, 1- 5. DOI: 10.4061/2010/737292.
  • Black, P.A., David, D.V.M. & Horne, L.A. (2011). Hematologic parameters in raptor species in a rehabilitation setting before release. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 25(3), 192-198. DOI: 10.2307/41318139.
  • Chaudhuri, S. & Maiti, B.R. (1996). Changes in thyroid activity during the annual sexual cycle of a wild avian species, the treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda. European Journal of Morphology, 34(4), 321- 324. DOI: 10.1076/ejom.34.4.321.13043.
  • Choksi, N.Y., Jahnke, G.D., Hilaire, C. & Shelbyn, M. (2003). Role of thyroid hormones in human and laboratory animal reproductive health. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 68(6), 479-491. DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10045.
  • Clark, W.S. & Yosef, R. (1988). In-hand identification guide to Palearctic raptors. International Birding Centre in Eilat. IBCE Technical Publications 7.
  • Elliott, K.H., Welcker, J., Gaston, A.J., Hatch, S.A. & Palace, V., et al. (2013). Thyroid hormones correlate with resting metabolic rate, not daily energy expenditure, in two charadriiform seabirds. Open Biology, 2(6), 580-586. DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134358.
  • Fardell, L.L., Pavey, C.R. & Dickman, C.R. (2020). Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals. PeerJ, 8, 1-35. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9104.
  • Ferrer, M., Garcia-Rodriguez, T., Carrillo, J.C. & Castroviejo, J. (1987). Captive raptors (Gyps fulvus, Buteo buteo, Milvus migrans, Aquila heliaca). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 87(4), 1123-1127. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90049-1.
  • Fischer, C.P. & Romero, L.M. (2019). Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific. Conservation Physiology, 7(1), 1-38. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz093.
  • Fix, A.S. & Barrows, S.Z. (1990). Raptors rehabilitted in Iowa during 1986 and 1987: respospective study. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26(1), 18-21. DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-26.1.18.
  • Garcia-Rodrigez, T., Ferrer, M., Recio, F. & Castroviejo, J. (1987). Circadian rhythms of determined blood chemistry values in buzzards and eagle owls. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 88(4), 663-669. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90680-3.
  • Gentsch, R.P., Kjellander, P. & Röken, B.O. (2018). Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 64(11), 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1171-4 Gill, F.B. (1994). Ornithology, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman New York, NY, USA. ISBN-10: 0716749831.
  • Groscolasand, R. & Leloup, J. (1989). The effect of severe starvation and captivity stress on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in an Antarctic bird (Emperor Penguin). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 73(1), 108-117. DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90061-0.
  • Guerra, R.R., Dias, G.F., Bernadino, M.G.S., Nailson, A.N.J. & Guerra M.F.V.F. et al., (2018). Hematological standards, sormonal indexes and gonadal morphology of Roadside Hawks (Rupornis magnirostris). Archives of Veterinary Science, 23(1), 63-76. DOI: 10.5380/avs.v23i1.58580.
  • Guy, A.J., Curnoe, D. & Banks, P.B. (2014). Welfare based primate rehabilitationas a potential conservation strategy: does it measure up? Primates, 55, 139-147. DOI: 10.1007/s10329- 013-0386-y.
  • Harr, K.E. (2002). Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 31(3), 140-151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939- 165x.2002.tb00295.x.
  • Helmreich, D., Crouch, M., Dorr, N. & Parfitt, D. (2006). Peripheral triiodothyronine (T3) levels during escapable and inescapable shock. Physiology and Behaviour, 87(1), 114-119. DOI: /10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.010.
  • Helmreich, D., Parfitt, D., Lu, X.Y., Akil, H. & Watson, S. (2005). Relation between the hypothalamicpituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress. Neuroendocrinology, 81(3), 183-192. DOI: 10.1159/000087001.
  • Hudelson, K.S. & Hudelson, P.M. (2009). Endocrine considerations. Clinical Avian Medicine, 11, 541- 558.
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. ISSN 2307-8235.
  • Kaneko, J.J. (1997). Serum proteins and the dysproteins. 5th ed. In: Kaneko J.J., J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals - 6th Edition, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Koenig, J., Shine, R. & Shea, G. (2002). The dangers of life in the city: Pat-terns of activity, injury and mortality in suburban lizards (Tiliquascincoides). Journal of Herpetology, 36, 62-68. DOI: 10.1670/0022- 1511(2002)036[0062:TDOLIT]2.0.CO;2.
  • Kross, M.S., Ingram, K.P., Long, R.F. & Niles, M.T. (2018). Farmer perceptions and behaviors related to wildlife and on-farm conservation actions. Conservation Letters, 11(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1111/conl.12364.
  • Malik, A. & Valentine, A. (2018). Pain in birds: a review for veterinary nurses. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 33(1), 11-25. DOI: 10.1080/17415349.2017.1395304.
  • McClure, C.J.W. & Rolek, B.W. (2020). Relative conservation status of bird orders with special attention to raptors. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 1-7. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.593941.
  • Merryman, J.I. & Buckles, E.L. (1998). The avian thyroid gland. Part two: A review of function and pathophysiology. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 12, 238-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008.
  • Molina-Lo´pez, R. A., Casal, J. & Darwich L. (2011). Causes of morbidity in wild raptor populations admitted at a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Spain from 1995-2007: a long term retrospective study. Plos One, 6(9), e24603. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024603.
  • Morgan, K.N. & Tromborg, C.T. (2007). Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(3), 262-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032.
  • Mullineaux, E. (2014). Veterinary treatment and rehabilitation of indigenous wildlife. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 55(6), 293-300. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12213.
  • Quinn, Jr. M.J., Fench, Jr. J.B., McNabb, F.M.A. & Ottinger, M. (2005). The role of thyroxine on the production of plumage American Kestrel (Falco sparverius). Journal of Raptor Research, 39(1), 84-88.
  • Palme, R.S., Rettenbacher C.T., EL-Bahr, S.M., & Möstl, E. (2005). Stress hormones in mammals and birds. Comparative aspects regarding metabolism, excretion, and noninvasive measurement in fecal samples. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1040, 162-171. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.021.
  • Pyke, G.H. & Szabo, J.K. (2018). Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research. Conservation Biology, 32(1), 50-59. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12937.
  • Saran, K.A., Parker, G., Parker, R. & Dickman, C.R. (2011). Rehabilitation as a conservation tool: a case study using the common wombat. Pacific Conservation Biology, 17, 310-319. DOI: 10.1071/PC110310.
  • Schmidt, R.E. & Reavill, D.R. (2008). The avian thyroid gland. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11(1), 15-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.008.
  • Schmidt, K.L. & Soma, K.K. (2008). Cortisol and corticosterone in the songbird immune and nervous systems: local vs. systemic levels during development. The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 295, 103-110. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00002.2008.
  • Sönmez, E. (2021). Plasma T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) hormone levels as reference values in rehabilitated healthy gray herons (Ardea cinerea). Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(3), 251-257. DOI: 10.31797/ vetbio.992819.
  • Sönmez, E., Gürsoy-Ergen, A., Özsemir, A.C., Çenesiz, S. & Çenesiz, M. (2021). The effects of environmental seasonal changes on Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) plasma T3 (Triiyodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) hormones. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(6), 5896-5903.
  • Spagnolo, V., Crippa, V., Marzia, A. & Sartorelli, P. (2006). Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 35(1), 82-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939- 165x.2006.tb00092.x.
  • Tribe, A. & Brown, P.R. (2000). The role of wildlife rescue groups in thecare and rehabilitation of Australian fauna. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5, 69-85. DOI: 10.1080/10871200009359180.
  • Wada, H., Daniel, A., Cristol, F.M., Mcnabb, A. & Hopkins, W.A. (2009). Suppressed adrenocortical responses and thyroid hormone levels in birds near a mercury-contaminated river. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(15), 6031-6038. DOI: 10.1021/es803707f.
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D. & Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Field endocrinology and conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 12- 18. DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.1.12.
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Evrim Sönmez 0000-0002-5412-5728

Arzu Gürsoy Ergen 0000-0001-7776-6571

Publication Date March 31, 2023
Submission Date November 17, 2022
Acceptance Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sönmez, E., & Gürsoy Ergen, A. (2023). Plasma T3 and T4 Hormone Levels as Reference Values in Rehabilitated Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 8(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1206133
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