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Cytotoxic Efficacy of Indigo and Yellow 2G with Vitamin C on the HepG2 Cell Line

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1237640

Abstract

We aimed to examine the effect of indigo and yellow 2G (Y2G) dyes, that are also commonly used as food additive and colorant, individually and combination with vitamin C on HepG2 human liver carcinoma cell line proliferation in vitro. MTT assay was applied to investigate the effect of dyes individually combined with vitamin C on HepG2 cells by treatment with different concentrations of these dyes for varying exposure times and performed. Regarding the exposure of HepG2 cells to indigo and Y2G dyes for 24, 48 and 72 h, 50 and 500 µg/ml (p=0.001 and p=0.003 respectively) of indigo at 24 h and 500 µg/ml (p=0.012) at 72 h; it showed that 5 µg/ml of Y2G for 24 h (p=0.004) and 1 µg/ml for 48 and 72 h (p=0.000, p=0.001) had the highest cytotoxic effect. Also, the results indicated that, especially the combinations of “indigo + vitamin C“ significantly increased cytotoxic effects on the HepG2 cell line (p=0.003). The obtained findings provide an exciting insight into the cytotoxic effects of indigo on HepG2 cells, and how they might work together to combat HCC's aggression.

Thanks

The HepG2 cell line was supplied by Atlas Biotechnology, who has originally purchased it from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), for a cell culture course in 2019 at the Innovative Food Technologies Development Application Research Centre, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey. We would like to warmly acknowledge this support. We also like to thank Ms. Sara Arslan of, TAG Worldwide Graphic Designer, for her kind help with the schematic depiction of our test procedures.

References

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  • 2. Bankole, P. O., Adekunle, A. A., Obidi, O. F., Olukanni, O. D., & Govinwar, S. P. (2017). Degradation of indigo dye by a newly isolated yeast, Diutina rugosa from dye wastewater polluted soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5 (5), 4639-4648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.08.050.
  • 3. Gaitanis, G, Magiatis, P., Velegraki, A., & Bassukas, I. D. (2018). A traditional Chinese remedy points to a natural skin habitat: indirubin (indigo naturalis) for psoriasis and the Malassezia metabolome. British Journal of Dermatology, 179 (3), 800. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16807.
  • 4. Gilles, H., Garbutt, T., & Landrum, J. (2022). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 34 (3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2022.04.004.
  • 5. Gupta, V. K., Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal - a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90 (8), 2313-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017.
  • 6. Huang, A., Yang, X-R., Chung, W.-Y., Dennison, A. R., & Zhou, J. (2020). Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5 (1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00264-x.
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  • 8. Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B. A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S. A., & Khalil, A. T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7 (12), 1129-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.016.
  • 9. Kalındemirtaş, F. D. (2022). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of carmofur and vitamin C combination on HCT116 colon cancer cells. Experimed, 12 (1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2021.1038579.
  • 10. Kannaujiya, M. C., Kumar, R, Mandal, T., & Mondal, M. K. (2021). Experimental investigations of hazardous leather industry dye (Acid Yellow 2GL) removal from simulated wastewater using a promising integrated approach. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 155, 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.040.
  • 11. Knapp, M. P., Low, J. H., Siegwald, J. D., Weinbrenner, D. R., & Ivankovic, D. S. (2018). Effects of indigo and red clover extracts on MCF-7 cancer cells and MCF-12A non-cancerous cells. Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal, 3 (2), 127. https://doi.org/10.23880/cclsj-16000127.
  • 12. Lee, S. J., Jeong, J. H., Lee, I. H., Lee, J, Jung, J. H., Park, H. Y., Lee, D. H., & Chae, Y. S. (2019). Effect of high-dose vitamin C combined with anti-cancer treatment on breast cancer cells. Anticancer Research, 39 (2), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13172.
  • 13. Luo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant therapy in cancer: rationale and progress. Antioxidants, 11 (6), 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061128.
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  • 15. Naganuma, M. (2019). Treatment with indigo naturalis for inflammatory bowel disease and other immune diseases. Medical Immunology, 42 (1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2019.1599158.
  • 16. Okçu, G. D., Tunacan, T., & Dikmen, E. (2019). Removal of indigo dye by photocatalysis process using Taguchi experimental design. Environmental Research & Technology, 2 (2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.457739.
  • 17. Ortiz-Monsalve, S., Dornelles, J., Poll, E., Castrillon, M. R., Valente, P., & Gutterres, M. (2017). Bio decolorization and biodegradation of leather dyes by a native isolate of Trametes villosa. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 109, 437-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.04.028.
  • 18. Qi-Yue, Y., Ting, Z., Ya-Nan, H., Sheng-jie, H., Xuan, D., Li, H., & Chun-Guang, X. (2020). From natural dye to herbal medicine: a systematic review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of indigo naturalis. Chinese Medicine, 15 (1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00406-x.
  • 19. Rapisarda, V., Loreto, C., Malaguernera, M., Ardiri, A., Proiti, M., & Rigano, G. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World Journal of Hepatology, 8 (13), 573-90. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573.
  • 20. Samtiya, M., Aluko, R. E., Dhewa, T., & Moreno-Rojas, J. M. (2021). Potential health benefits of plant food-derived bioactive components: An over-view. Foods, 10 (4), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040839.
  • 21. Shimizu, T., Takagi, C., Sawano, T., Eijima, Y., Nakatani, J., Fujita, T., & Tanaka, H. (2021). Indigo enhances wound healing activity of Caco-2 cells via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Journal of Natural Medicines, 75 (4), 833-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-021-01524-y.
  • 22. Singh, Z., & Chadha, P. (2016). Textile industry and occupational cancer. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 11, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0128-3. 23. Strober, W. (2015). Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Current Protocols in Immunology 111, A3.B.1–A3.B.3. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.ima03bs111.
  • 24. Sun, Q., Leng, J., Tang, L., Wang, L., & Fu, C. (2021). A comprehensive review of the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical applications, adverse events, and quality control of indigo naturalis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 664022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664022.
  • 25. Talib, W. H., Alsalahat, I., Daoud, S., Abutayeh, R. F, & Mahmod, A. I. (2020). Plant-derived natural products in cancer research: extraction, mechanism of action, and drug formulation. Molecules, 25 (22), 5319. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225319.
  • 26. Tunissiolli, N. M., Castanhole-Nunes, M. M. U., Biselli-Chicote, P. M., Pavarino, E. C., da Silva, R. F., da Silva, R. C. M. A., & Goloni-Bertollo, E. M. (2017). Hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review of biomarkers, clinical aspects, and therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 18 (4), 863-872. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.4.863.
  • 27. Wang, G., Yin, T., & Wang, Y. (2016). In vitro and in vivo assessment of high-dose vitamin C against murine tumors. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12 (5), 3058-3062. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3707.
  • 28. Yalcuk, A., & Okcu, G. D. (2017). Biosorption of indigo and acid yellow 2G (Y2G) dyes from aqueous solutions using a commercial powder form of ecologically pure Hawaiian spirulina pacifica (HSP). Desalination and Water Treatment, 79, 386-399. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20825.
  • 29. Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules, 21 (5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559.
  • 30. Zhu, H. H., Hu J, Lo-Coco, F., & Jin, J. (2019). The simpler, the better: oral arsenic for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood, 134 (7), 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019000760.
Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1237640

Abstract

References

  • 1. Ashraf, M. A., Hussain, M., Mahmood, K., Wajid, A., Yusof, M., Alias, Y., & Yusoff, I. (2013). Removal of acid yellow-17 dye from aqueous solution using eco-friendly biosorbent. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51 (22-24), 4530-4545. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.747187.
  • 2. Bankole, P. O., Adekunle, A. A., Obidi, O. F., Olukanni, O. D., & Govinwar, S. P. (2017). Degradation of indigo dye by a newly isolated yeast, Diutina rugosa from dye wastewater polluted soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5 (5), 4639-4648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.08.050.
  • 3. Gaitanis, G, Magiatis, P., Velegraki, A., & Bassukas, I. D. (2018). A traditional Chinese remedy points to a natural skin habitat: indirubin (indigo naturalis) for psoriasis and the Malassezia metabolome. British Journal of Dermatology, 179 (3), 800. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16807.
  • 4. Gilles, H., Garbutt, T., & Landrum, J. (2022). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 34 (3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2022.04.004.
  • 5. Gupta, V. K., Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal - a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90 (8), 2313-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017.
  • 6. Huang, A., Yang, X-R., Chung, W.-Y., Dennison, A. R., & Zhou, J. (2020). Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5 (1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00264-x.
  • 7. Hunyady, J. (2022). The result of vitamin c treatment of patients with cancer: conditions influencing the effectiveness. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (8), 4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084380.
  • 8. Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B. A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S. A., & Khalil, A. T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7 (12), 1129-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.016.
  • 9. Kalındemirtaş, F. D. (2022). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of carmofur and vitamin C combination on HCT116 colon cancer cells. Experimed, 12 (1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2021.1038579.
  • 10. Kannaujiya, M. C., Kumar, R, Mandal, T., & Mondal, M. K. (2021). Experimental investigations of hazardous leather industry dye (Acid Yellow 2GL) removal from simulated wastewater using a promising integrated approach. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 155, 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.040.
  • 11. Knapp, M. P., Low, J. H., Siegwald, J. D., Weinbrenner, D. R., & Ivankovic, D. S. (2018). Effects of indigo and red clover extracts on MCF-7 cancer cells and MCF-12A non-cancerous cells. Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal, 3 (2), 127. https://doi.org/10.23880/cclsj-16000127.
  • 12. Lee, S. J., Jeong, J. H., Lee, I. H., Lee, J, Jung, J. H., Park, H. Y., Lee, D. H., & Chae, Y. S. (2019). Effect of high-dose vitamin C combined with anti-cancer treatment on breast cancer cells. Anticancer Research, 39 (2), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13172.
  • 13. Luo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant therapy in cancer: rationale and progress. Antioxidants, 11 (6), 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061128.
  • 14. Mosmann, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65 (1-2), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4.
  • 15. Naganuma, M. (2019). Treatment with indigo naturalis for inflammatory bowel disease and other immune diseases. Medical Immunology, 42 (1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2019.1599158.
  • 16. Okçu, G. D., Tunacan, T., & Dikmen, E. (2019). Removal of indigo dye by photocatalysis process using Taguchi experimental design. Environmental Research & Technology, 2 (2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.457739.
  • 17. Ortiz-Monsalve, S., Dornelles, J., Poll, E., Castrillon, M. R., Valente, P., & Gutterres, M. (2017). Bio decolorization and biodegradation of leather dyes by a native isolate of Trametes villosa. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 109, 437-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.04.028.
  • 18. Qi-Yue, Y., Ting, Z., Ya-Nan, H., Sheng-jie, H., Xuan, D., Li, H., & Chun-Guang, X. (2020). From natural dye to herbal medicine: a systematic review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of indigo naturalis. Chinese Medicine, 15 (1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00406-x.
  • 19. Rapisarda, V., Loreto, C., Malaguernera, M., Ardiri, A., Proiti, M., & Rigano, G. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World Journal of Hepatology, 8 (13), 573-90. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573.
  • 20. Samtiya, M., Aluko, R. E., Dhewa, T., & Moreno-Rojas, J. M. (2021). Potential health benefits of plant food-derived bioactive components: An over-view. Foods, 10 (4), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040839.
  • 21. Shimizu, T., Takagi, C., Sawano, T., Eijima, Y., Nakatani, J., Fujita, T., & Tanaka, H. (2021). Indigo enhances wound healing activity of Caco-2 cells via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Journal of Natural Medicines, 75 (4), 833-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-021-01524-y.
  • 22. Singh, Z., & Chadha, P. (2016). Textile industry and occupational cancer. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 11, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0128-3. 23. Strober, W. (2015). Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Current Protocols in Immunology 111, A3.B.1–A3.B.3. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.ima03bs111.
  • 24. Sun, Q., Leng, J., Tang, L., Wang, L., & Fu, C. (2021). A comprehensive review of the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical applications, adverse events, and quality control of indigo naturalis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 664022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664022.
  • 25. Talib, W. H., Alsalahat, I., Daoud, S., Abutayeh, R. F, & Mahmod, A. I. (2020). Plant-derived natural products in cancer research: extraction, mechanism of action, and drug formulation. Molecules, 25 (22), 5319. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225319.
  • 26. Tunissiolli, N. M., Castanhole-Nunes, M. M. U., Biselli-Chicote, P. M., Pavarino, E. C., da Silva, R. F., da Silva, R. C. M. A., & Goloni-Bertollo, E. M. (2017). Hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review of biomarkers, clinical aspects, and therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 18 (4), 863-872. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.4.863.
  • 27. Wang, G., Yin, T., & Wang, Y. (2016). In vitro and in vivo assessment of high-dose vitamin C against murine tumors. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12 (5), 3058-3062. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3707.
  • 28. Yalcuk, A., & Okcu, G. D. (2017). Biosorption of indigo and acid yellow 2G (Y2G) dyes from aqueous solutions using a commercial powder form of ecologically pure Hawaiian spirulina pacifica (HSP). Desalination and Water Treatment, 79, 386-399. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20825.
  • 29. Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules, 21 (5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559.
  • 30. Zhu, H. H., Hu J, Lo-Coco, F., & Jin, J. (2019). The simpler, the better: oral arsenic for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood, 134 (7), 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019000760.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other)
Journal Section Research articles
Authors

Şeyda Karabörk 0000-0002-9026-4485

Gamze Doğdu 0000-0002-0278-8503

Turgay Pekdemir 0000-0002-7658-5194

Publication Date June 1, 2023
Submission Date January 18, 2023
Acceptance Date February 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karabörk, Ş., Doğdu, G., & Pekdemir, T. (2023). Cytotoxic Efficacy of Indigo and Yellow 2G with Vitamin C on the HepG2 Cell Line. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1237640