Research Article
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Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 30.06.2023

İlknur Uçak M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı Maliha Afreen

Abstract

In this research, the water quality parameters of Nigde province trout fish farms were examined. In this study, physico-chemical analysis (temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite and nitrate) were conducted seasonally in the entering and exodus of pools at farms. It was concluded from this study, that mean values of the temperature in place of all farms in all seasons were 12.78 oC and 13.02 oC at the pool entering and pool exodus, respectively. Dissolved oxygen (O2) average levels were found as 9.17 and 8.69 mg/l in the pool entering and pool exodus, respectively, while the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were 22.08 and 25.95 mg/l. The average nitrite (NO2) levels for all farms in all seasons were 0.019 and 0.021 mg/l at the pool entrance and pool exit, whereas the nitrate (NO3) values were confirmed as 0.217 and 0.248 mg/l, respectively. The results of this study show that the water source used for aquaculture in these farms is suitable for trout farming and the water at the pond outlets is at an acceptable level in terms of water quality parameters.

Keywords

Water Quality Trout Farm Nigde Province

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Administration of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

Project Number

TGT 2019/12-HIDEP’

Thanks

This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Administration of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University with the project number of ‘’TGT 2019/12-HIDEP’’

References

  • [1] Donnely N. Potential diversification opportunities for the land-based aquaculture sector in Northern Ireland, European Union, 2011.
  • [2] Guilpart A, Roussel JnM, Aubin J, Caquet T, Marle M, Le Bris H. The use of benthic invertebrate community and water quality analyses to assess ecological consequences of fish farm effluents in rivers, Ecological Indicators, 2012; 23:356-365 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.019.
  • [3] Coşkun F, Gültek A, Patrona K, Gür A. Aquaculture Industry Report, 2011.
  • [4] TUIK. Fisheries Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute, 2018, Ankara.
  • [5] TUIK. Fisheries Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute, 2020, Ankara.
  • [6] Emre Y, Kürüm V. Trout Breeding, 2nd Edition, Postal Printing, 1998; 272, Istanbul
  • [7] Verep B, Hasanoğlu H, Mutlu T. A Case Study on the Effects of Trout Farms Waste Water on the Physicochemical Water Quality of the Stream, Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 2017; 2: 38-42 Doi: 10.35229/jaes.330437
  • [8] Anonymous, The Environmental Impact of Farming in Türkiye and Its Relationship with Tourism, Recreation and Special Protection Areas”, TÜGEM, 1993; 1-185, Ankara.
  • [9] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2002, Rome.
  • [10] Teodorowicz M. Surface water quality and intensive fish culture, Archives of Polish Fisheries. 2013; 21: 65-111 Doi: 10.2478/aopf-2013-0007
  • [11] Martins C I M, Eding E H, Verdegem M C, Heinsbroek LT, Schneider O, Blancheton J P,d’Orbcastel E R, Verreth J A J. New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability, Aquacultural Engineering, 2010; 43(3): 83-93 Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002
  • [12] Sturrock H, Newton R, Paffrath S, Bostock J, Muir J, Young J, Immink A, Dickson M. Prospective analysis of the aquaculture sector in the EU-Part 2: characterization of emerging aquaculture systems, In: (IPTS) IP, ed. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports-EUR 23409 EN/2. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008.
  • [13] Piper R G, Mc Elwain I B, Orme L E, Mc Craren J P, Flower L G, Leonard J R. Fish hatchery management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982, Washington, D.C.
  • [14] Caramel B P, Moraes M D A B, do Carmo C F, Vaz-dos-Santos A M, Tabata Y A, Osti J A S, Ishikawa C, Cerqueira M, Mercante C T J. Water quality assessment of a trout farming effluent, Bocaina, Brazil, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2014; 6:909-915 Doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.610086
  • [15] Garcia F, Kimpara J M, Valenti W C, Ambrosio L A. Energy assessment of tilapia cage farming in a hydroelectric reservoir, Ecological Engineering, 2014; 68:72-79 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.076
  • [16] Lalonde B A, Ernst W, Garron C. Chemical and physical characterization of effluents from land-based fish farms in Atlantic Canada, Aquaculture International, 2015; 23(2): 535-546 Doi: 10.1007/s10499-014-9834-y
  • [17] Verdegem M C J. Nutrient discharge from aquaculture operations in function of system design and production environment, Reviews in Aquaculture, 2013; 5: 158-171 Doi: 10.1111/raq.12011
  • [18] Sindilariu P D, Brinker A, Reiter R. Factors influencing the efficiency of constructed wetlands used for the treatment of intensive trout farm effluent, Ecological Engineering, 2009; 35(5): 711-722 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.11.007
  • [19] Lazzari R, Baldisserotto B. Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in fish farming, Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 2008; 34(4): 591-600
  • [20] Beveridge M C. Cage aquaculture, Fishing News Books. (3rd ed.), 2004; 234
  • [21] Mavraganis T, Choremi C, Kolygas M, Vidalis K, Nathanailides C. Environmental issues of aquaculture development, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2020; 24(2): 441-450 Doi: 10.21608/EJABF.2020.85857
  • [22] Mpeza P, Mavraganis T, Nathanailides C. Dispersal and variability of chemical and biological indices of aquaculture pollution in Igoumenitsa Bay, Annual Review and Research in Biology, 2013; 3(4): 873-880
  • [23] Varol M. Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study”, Environmental Pollution, 2020; 266: 1154-1217 Doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417 [24] Coldebella A, Godoy A C, Gentelini A L, Piana P A, Coldebella P F, Boscolo W R, Feiden A. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Nile tilapia farming in excavated rearing ponds. Research, Society and Development, 2020; 9(11): e1319119699 Doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9699
  • [25] Karakassis I, Pitta P, Krom M D. Contribution of fish farming to the nutrient loading of the Mediterranean, Scientia Marina Barcelona, 2005; 69: 313-321, Doi: 10.3989/scimar.2005.69n2313.
  • [26] Yeo S E, Binkowski F P, Morris J E. Aquaculture effluents and waste by-products characteristics, potential recovery and beneficial reuse, NCRAC Technical Bulletins, 2004; 6:45
  • [27] Ackerman D, Weisberg S B. Relationship between rainfall and beach bacterial concentrations on Santa Monica Bay beaches”. Journal of water and health, 2003; 1(2): 85-89. Doi: 10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
  • [28] Varol M, Balci M. Characteristics of effluents from trout farms and their impact on water quality and benthic algal assemblages of the receiving stream”, Environmental Pollution, 2020; 266(1):115101 Doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115101
  • [29] Tahar A, Kennedy A M, Fitzgerald R D, Cliford E, Rowan N. Longitudinal evaluation of the impact of traditional rainbow trout farming on receiving water quality in Ireland, PeerJ, 2018; 6, e5281, Doi: 10.7717/peerj.5281
  • [30] Anonymous. Quality Criteria of Inland Surface Water Resources by Class, Regulation Amending the Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management, Abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2015, Ankara
  • [31] Pulatsu S, Rad F, Köksal G, Aydın F, Benli A K, Topçu A. The impact of rainbow trout farm effluents on water quality of Karasu stream, Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2004; 4: 9-15
  • [32] Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Halaihel N, Balcázar J L, Ortega C, Vendrell D, Pérez T, De Blas I. Effect of fish farming on the water quality of rivers in northeast Spain”, Water Science and Technology, 2009; 60(3), 663-671 Doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.435
  • [33] Mavraganis T, Tsoumani M, Kolygas M, Chatziefstathiou M, Nathanailides C. Using seasonal variability of water quality parameters to assess the risk of aquatic pollution from rainbow trout fish farms in Greece, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2021;5: 379-389 Doi: 10.1007/s42108-021-00141-5
  • [34] Boyd C E, Tucker C S. Ecology of aquaculture ponds, In Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer, Boston, MA, 1998; 8-86
  • [35] Boaventura R, Pedro A M, Coimbra J, Lencastre E. Trout farm effluents: characterization and impact on the receiving streams”, Environmental Pollution, 1997; 95(3): 379-387 Doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00117-0.
  • [36] Selong J H, Helfrich L A. Impacts of trout culture effluent on water quality and biotic communities in Virginia headwater streams, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 1998; 60(4): 247-262 Doi: 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0247:IOTCEO>2.0.CO;2
  • [37] Kendra W. Quality of salmonid hatchery effluents during a summer low-flow season, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1991; 120(1), 43-51 Doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0043:QOSHED>2.3.CO;2
  • [38] Lemarié G, Martin J L M, Dutto G, Garidou C. Nitrogenous and phosphorous waste production in a flow-through land-based farm of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Aquatic Living Resources, 1998; 11(4): 247-254 Doi: 10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89007-4.
  • [39]Buhan E, Koçer T M A, Polat F, Doğan M H, Dirim S, Neary E T. Almus Baraj Gölü Su Kalitesinin Alabalık Yetiştiriciliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Taşıma Kapasitesinin Tahmini, GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010; 27(1): 57-65 (in Turkish)
  • [40] Birici N, Saatçi Y, Güneş M, Bayraktar K, Şeker T, Karakaya G. Refahiye Köroğlu Deresi (Erzincan) Sularının Balık Yetiştiriciliği ve Su Kalitesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Uluslararası Erzincan Sempozyumu, 28 Eylül-1 Ekim, Bildiriler Kitabı, 2016; 3:613-627 (in Turkish)
  • [41] Başaran K A, Aksu M, Egemen Ö. Ildır Koyu’nda (İzmir-Ege Denizi) Açık Deniz Ağ Kafeslerde Yapılan Balık Yetiştiriciliğinin Su Kalitesi Üzerine Etkilerinin İzlenmesi, Ankara Üni., Ziraat Fak., Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2006; 13(1): 22-28 (in Turkish)
  • [42] Küçükyılmaz M, Koçer, M A T, Örnekci G N, Karakaya G, Uslu A A, Arısoy G, Alpaslan K, Türkgülü İ, Özbey N, International Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research, 2021; 4(1):15-31 (in Turkish)

Niğde İlinde Alabalık Çiftliklerinin Su Kalitesi Üzerine Dönemsel Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 30.06.2023

İlknur Uçak M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı Maliha Afreen

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, Niğde ili alabalık çiftliklerinin su kalitesi parametreleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, çiftliklerdeki havuzların giriş ve çıkışlarında mevsimsel olarak fiziko-kimyasal analizler (sıcaklık, çözünmüş oksijen, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, nitrit ve nitrat) yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan, tüm mevsimlerde tüm çiftliklerin yerindeki ortalama sıcaklık değerlerinin havuza girişte ve havuz çıkışında sırasıyla 12.78 oC ve 13.02 oC olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Havuza girişte ve havuz çıkışında çözünmüş oksijen (O2) ortalama seviyeleri sırasıyla 9.17 ve 8.69 mg/l, ortalama kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) 22.08 ve 25.95 mg/l olarak bulunmuştur. Tüm mevsimlerde tüm çiftlikler için ortalama nitrit (NO2) seviyeleri havuz girişinde ve havuz çıkışında 0.019 ve 0.021 mg/l iken, nitrat (NO3) değerleri sırasıyla 0.217 ve 0.248 mg/l olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, bu çiftliklerde yetiştiricilik için kullanılan su kaynağının alabalık yetiştiriciliği için uygun olduğu ve havuz çıkışlarındaki suyunda su kalitesi parametreleri bakımından kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Su Kalitesi Alabalık Çiftlikleri Nigde

Project Number

TGT 2019/12-HIDEP’

References

  • [1] Donnely N. Potential diversification opportunities for the land-based aquaculture sector in Northern Ireland, European Union, 2011.
  • [2] Guilpart A, Roussel JnM, Aubin J, Caquet T, Marle M, Le Bris H. The use of benthic invertebrate community and water quality analyses to assess ecological consequences of fish farm effluents in rivers, Ecological Indicators, 2012; 23:356-365 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.019.
  • [3] Coşkun F, Gültek A, Patrona K, Gür A. Aquaculture Industry Report, 2011.
  • [4] TUIK. Fisheries Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute, 2018, Ankara.
  • [5] TUIK. Fisheries Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute, 2020, Ankara.
  • [6] Emre Y, Kürüm V. Trout Breeding, 2nd Edition, Postal Printing, 1998; 272, Istanbul
  • [7] Verep B, Hasanoğlu H, Mutlu T. A Case Study on the Effects of Trout Farms Waste Water on the Physicochemical Water Quality of the Stream, Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 2017; 2: 38-42 Doi: 10.35229/jaes.330437
  • [8] Anonymous, The Environmental Impact of Farming in Türkiye and Its Relationship with Tourism, Recreation and Special Protection Areas”, TÜGEM, 1993; 1-185, Ankara.
  • [9] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2002, Rome.
  • [10] Teodorowicz M. Surface water quality and intensive fish culture, Archives of Polish Fisheries. 2013; 21: 65-111 Doi: 10.2478/aopf-2013-0007
  • [11] Martins C I M, Eding E H, Verdegem M C, Heinsbroek LT, Schneider O, Blancheton J P,d’Orbcastel E R, Verreth J A J. New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability, Aquacultural Engineering, 2010; 43(3): 83-93 Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002
  • [12] Sturrock H, Newton R, Paffrath S, Bostock J, Muir J, Young J, Immink A, Dickson M. Prospective analysis of the aquaculture sector in the EU-Part 2: characterization of emerging aquaculture systems, In: (IPTS) IP, ed. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports-EUR 23409 EN/2. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008.
  • [13] Piper R G, Mc Elwain I B, Orme L E, Mc Craren J P, Flower L G, Leonard J R. Fish hatchery management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982, Washington, D.C.
  • [14] Caramel B P, Moraes M D A B, do Carmo C F, Vaz-dos-Santos A M, Tabata Y A, Osti J A S, Ishikawa C, Cerqueira M, Mercante C T J. Water quality assessment of a trout farming effluent, Bocaina, Brazil, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2014; 6:909-915 Doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.610086
  • [15] Garcia F, Kimpara J M, Valenti W C, Ambrosio L A. Energy assessment of tilapia cage farming in a hydroelectric reservoir, Ecological Engineering, 2014; 68:72-79 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.076
  • [16] Lalonde B A, Ernst W, Garron C. Chemical and physical characterization of effluents from land-based fish farms in Atlantic Canada, Aquaculture International, 2015; 23(2): 535-546 Doi: 10.1007/s10499-014-9834-y
  • [17] Verdegem M C J. Nutrient discharge from aquaculture operations in function of system design and production environment, Reviews in Aquaculture, 2013; 5: 158-171 Doi: 10.1111/raq.12011
  • [18] Sindilariu P D, Brinker A, Reiter R. Factors influencing the efficiency of constructed wetlands used for the treatment of intensive trout farm effluent, Ecological Engineering, 2009; 35(5): 711-722 Doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.11.007
  • [19] Lazzari R, Baldisserotto B. Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in fish farming, Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 2008; 34(4): 591-600
  • [20] Beveridge M C. Cage aquaculture, Fishing News Books. (3rd ed.), 2004; 234
  • [21] Mavraganis T, Choremi C, Kolygas M, Vidalis K, Nathanailides C. Environmental issues of aquaculture development, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2020; 24(2): 441-450 Doi: 10.21608/EJABF.2020.85857
  • [22] Mpeza P, Mavraganis T, Nathanailides C. Dispersal and variability of chemical and biological indices of aquaculture pollution in Igoumenitsa Bay, Annual Review and Research in Biology, 2013; 3(4): 873-880
  • [23] Varol M. Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study”, Environmental Pollution, 2020; 266: 1154-1217 Doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417 [24] Coldebella A, Godoy A C, Gentelini A L, Piana P A, Coldebella P F, Boscolo W R, Feiden A. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Nile tilapia farming in excavated rearing ponds. Research, Society and Development, 2020; 9(11): e1319119699 Doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9699
  • [25] Karakassis I, Pitta P, Krom M D. Contribution of fish farming to the nutrient loading of the Mediterranean, Scientia Marina Barcelona, 2005; 69: 313-321, Doi: 10.3989/scimar.2005.69n2313.
  • [26] Yeo S E, Binkowski F P, Morris J E. Aquaculture effluents and waste by-products characteristics, potential recovery and beneficial reuse, NCRAC Technical Bulletins, 2004; 6:45
  • [27] Ackerman D, Weisberg S B. Relationship between rainfall and beach bacterial concentrations on Santa Monica Bay beaches”. Journal of water and health, 2003; 1(2): 85-89. Doi: 10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
  • [28] Varol M, Balci M. Characteristics of effluents from trout farms and their impact on water quality and benthic algal assemblages of the receiving stream”, Environmental Pollution, 2020; 266(1):115101 Doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115101
  • [29] Tahar A, Kennedy A M, Fitzgerald R D, Cliford E, Rowan N. Longitudinal evaluation of the impact of traditional rainbow trout farming on receiving water quality in Ireland, PeerJ, 2018; 6, e5281, Doi: 10.7717/peerj.5281
  • [30] Anonymous. Quality Criteria of Inland Surface Water Resources by Class, Regulation Amending the Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management, Abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2015, Ankara
  • [31] Pulatsu S, Rad F, Köksal G, Aydın F, Benli A K, Topçu A. The impact of rainbow trout farm effluents on water quality of Karasu stream, Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2004; 4: 9-15
  • [32] Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Halaihel N, Balcázar J L, Ortega C, Vendrell D, Pérez T, De Blas I. Effect of fish farming on the water quality of rivers in northeast Spain”, Water Science and Technology, 2009; 60(3), 663-671 Doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.435
  • [33] Mavraganis T, Tsoumani M, Kolygas M, Chatziefstathiou M, Nathanailides C. Using seasonal variability of water quality parameters to assess the risk of aquatic pollution from rainbow trout fish farms in Greece, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2021;5: 379-389 Doi: 10.1007/s42108-021-00141-5
  • [34] Boyd C E, Tucker C S. Ecology of aquaculture ponds, In Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer, Boston, MA, 1998; 8-86
  • [35] Boaventura R, Pedro A M, Coimbra J, Lencastre E. Trout farm effluents: characterization and impact on the receiving streams”, Environmental Pollution, 1997; 95(3): 379-387 Doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00117-0.
  • [36] Selong J H, Helfrich L A. Impacts of trout culture effluent on water quality and biotic communities in Virginia headwater streams, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 1998; 60(4): 247-262 Doi: 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0247:IOTCEO>2.0.CO;2
  • [37] Kendra W. Quality of salmonid hatchery effluents during a summer low-flow season, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1991; 120(1), 43-51 Doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0043:QOSHED>2.3.CO;2
  • [38] Lemarié G, Martin J L M, Dutto G, Garidou C. Nitrogenous and phosphorous waste production in a flow-through land-based farm of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Aquatic Living Resources, 1998; 11(4): 247-254 Doi: 10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89007-4.
  • [39]Buhan E, Koçer T M A, Polat F, Doğan M H, Dirim S, Neary E T. Almus Baraj Gölü Su Kalitesinin Alabalık Yetiştiriciliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Taşıma Kapasitesinin Tahmini, GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010; 27(1): 57-65 (in Turkish)
  • [40] Birici N, Saatçi Y, Güneş M, Bayraktar K, Şeker T, Karakaya G. Refahiye Köroğlu Deresi (Erzincan) Sularının Balık Yetiştiriciliği ve Su Kalitesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Uluslararası Erzincan Sempozyumu, 28 Eylül-1 Ekim, Bildiriler Kitabı, 2016; 3:613-627 (in Turkish)
  • [41] Başaran K A, Aksu M, Egemen Ö. Ildır Koyu’nda (İzmir-Ege Denizi) Açık Deniz Ağ Kafeslerde Yapılan Balık Yetiştiriciliğinin Su Kalitesi Üzerine Etkilerinin İzlenmesi, Ankara Üni., Ziraat Fak., Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2006; 13(1): 22-28 (in Turkish)
  • [42] Küçükyılmaz M, Koçer, M A T, Örnekci G N, Karakaya G, Uslu A A, Arısoy G, Alpaslan K, Türkgülü İ, Özbey N, International Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research, 2021; 4(1):15-31 (in Turkish)
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İlknur Uçak 0000-0002-9701-0824

M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı 0000-0003-0276-4437

Maliha Afreen

Project Number TGT 2019/12-HIDEP’
Early Pub Date June 21, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Uçak, İ., Bağdatlı, M. C., & Afreen, M. (2023). Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT), 7(1), 14-26.
AMA Uçak İ, Bağdatlı MC, Afreen M. Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province. IJENT. June 2023;7(1):14-26.
Chicago Uçak, İlknur, M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı, and Maliha Afreen. “Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 7, no. 1 (June 2023): 14-26.
EndNote Uçak İ, Bağdatlı MC, Afreen M (June 1, 2023) Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 7 1 14–26.
IEEE İ. Uçak, M. C. Bağdatlı, and M. Afreen, “Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province”, IJENT, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 14–26, 2023.
ISNAD Uçak, İlknur et al. “Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 7/1 (June 2023), 14-26.
JAMA Uçak İ, Bağdatlı MC, Afreen M. Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province. IJENT. 2023;7:14–26.
MLA Uçak, İlknur et al. “Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT), vol. 7, no. 1, 2023, pp. 14-26.
Vancouver Uçak İ, Bağdatlı MC, Afreen M. Investigation of Seasonal Effects of Trout Farms on Water Quality in Nigde Province. IJENT. 2023;7(1):14-26.
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Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sustainability and Development, Industrial Waste Issues and Management, Global warming and Climate Change, Environmental Law, Environmental Developments and Legislation, Environmental Protection, Biotechnology and Environment, Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geological Engineering, Mining Engineering, Agriculture Engineering, Biology, Chemistry, Physics,