Research Article
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Investigation of the Levels of Bio-Indicator Bacteria in the Kınalıada Coastal Area, Istanbul, Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 78 - 86, 25.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1069839

Abstract

Coastal areas have an important place in island ecosystems. These areas, which may be fragile depending on the impact of human activities exposed and other environmental factors and in addition to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, it hosts intensive touristic use in spring and summer. In this study, the closest contact with the shores of a mainland like Istanbul, among the Prince Islands in the Marmara Sea which is under the influence of the vast majority of the pollution load Kınalıada has been selected as a research area. Total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB) levels were analyzed using spreading plate method. The levels of fecal coliform (FC), total coliform (TC) and intestinal streptococci (IS) examined using Membrane Filtration Technique in the surface water samples. Variable environmental parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, temperature) were recorded periodically using the Multiparameter (YSI 556 MPS) with seawater samples. Nutrient salts (nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate phosphor), trophic level indicator Chlorophyll-a were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. While the highest TC, FC and IS level detected as 96x103 CFU/100 ml, 49x103 CFU/100 ml, 82x103 CFU/100 ml, respectively. The highest HAB level was determined as 92x1011CFU /ml .Variable environmental parameters recorded for seawater temperature between 25.7-6.89˚C, pH 11.55 -3.60, dissolved oxygen 19.98 -1.66 mg /l and salinity ‰ 29.11-21.18 during the study period. Nutrient salts; nitrite nitrogen detected to be 0.21-0.01 mg/l; nitrate nitrogen detected to be 9.90-0.13 mg/l; ammonium nitrogen detected to be 4.80-0.02 mg/l; phosphate phosphor detected to be 22.45-0.01 mg/l. The levels of FC, TC and IS determined in Kınalıada coastal area fluctuate depending on the seasons, but these levels are determined above the legal limits. The presence of bio-indicator bacteria detected above the border throughout the sampling shows that it poses a serious risk for ecosystem health and public health.

Supporting Institution

İstanbul University Scientific Researches Project Unit (İ.Ü. BAP Project)

Project Number

(İ.Ü. BAP Project/31287)

Thanks

The authors thank to İstanbul University Scientific Researches Project Unit (İ.Ü. BAP Project/31287) for their financial support. The authors also thank Dr. Pelin S. Çiftçi Türetken and PhD student Meryem Öztaş for their assistances in laboratory studies.

References

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  • Altuğ, G., Gürün, S., Çardak, M., Çiftçi, P.S.(2011).The Occurrence Of Pathogenic Bacteria In Some Ships' Ballast Water Incoming From Various Marine Regions To The Sea Of Marmara, Turkey. 2nd IMO-GloBallast and IMarEST Shipbuilders’ Forum on the Ballast Water Management Convention, 25-28 October 2011,( pp.35-42),Türkiye.
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  • Çevikol, E. (1982). İstanbulu çeviren deniz sularında yaz mevsimi başında ve sonunda yapılan bakteriyolojik incelemeler( Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi, Istanbul, Türkiye.
  • Droste, R.L.(1997). Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. Willey and Sons, 0471153573, 978-0471153573,New York.
  • EPA (2006). EPA, Microbiological alternate test procedure (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, and wastewater monitoring methods.
  • EPA (2006). EPA, Microbiological alternate test produre (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, and wastewater monitoring methods of 15 February 2006.
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  • Mehmuna, B.S., Kumar, S., Naik,et al(2021).Indian coastal waters: a concoction of sewage indicator bacteria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, An assessment on recreational beaches,( article 193-number 455).
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  • Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J.(1998). Handbook of Biological Statistics. Retrieved 1998 from http://www.biostathandbook.com/.
  • Zeki, S,A., Aslan, S.Burak., Rose, J.B. (2020).Occurrence of a human-associated microbial source tracking marker and its relationship with faecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary.(vol.72,ıssue2).
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 78 - 86, 25.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1069839

Abstract

Project Number

(İ.Ü. BAP Project/31287)

References

  • Altuğ, G.(2016). Çevresel Durum Tanımlamasında Bakterilerin Rolleri ve Türkiye Denizlerinde Patojen Bakterilerin Dağılımı. Ulusal Denizlerde İzleme ve Değerlendirme Sempozyumu 21-23 Aralık, Ankara.
  • Altuğ, G., Çardak, M., Çiftçi, P.S. (2007). Çanakkale ve İstanbul Boğazında Biyoindikatör Bakterilerin Dağılımı. XIV. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu,( pp.37-37),Muğla, Türkiye.
  • Altuğ, G., Cardak, M., Ciftci, P.S., Gurun, S. (2009a). An Important Water Route Between Mediterranean and Black Seas and Bacterial Pollution (Canakkale and Istanbul Straits, Turkey). Proceeding of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conference on Wase Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor Climate, (pp.466–471), Tenerife, Spain.
  • Altuğ, G., Gürün, S., Çardak, M., Çiftçi, P.S.(2011).The Occurrence Of Pathogenic Bacteria In Some Ships' Ballast Water Incoming From Various Marine Regions To The Sea Of Marmara, Turkey. 2nd IMO-GloBallast and IMarEST Shipbuilders’ Forum on the Ballast Water Management Convention, 25-28 October 2011,( pp.35-42),Türkiye.
  • Altuğ, G., Gürün, S., Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., Hulyar, O.(2010).Marmara Denizi, İstanbul İli Kıyısal Alanında Patojen Bakteriler ve Bakteriyolojik Kirlilik. Marmara Denizi 2010 Sempozyumu, 25-26 Eylül 2010, no.32, (pp.422-429), İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • ANON (2004). Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği. 25687 Sayılı Resmi Gazete,31 Aralık Cuma 2004.
  • ANON (2018). ÇŞB-ÇEDİDGM ve TÜBİTAK-MAM (2017). Bütünleşik Kirlilik İzleme Projesi (2017-2019). ÇTÜE 5178702, Rapor No. TÜE.17.2116 (Marmara Denizi Sonuç Raporu, 2018), Şubat 2018, Gebze-Kocaeli.
  • APHA (2006). 134th APHA annual meeting and exposition in Boston, MA on November 4-8.
  • APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Wa er and Wastewater, 22th Edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation,. ISBN: 978-0875530130 Washington, D.C. United States.
  • Ashbolt, N. J., Grabow, W. O. K., Snozzi, M.(2001).Indicators of microbial water quality, In: World Health Organization (WHO), Water quality: Guidelines, Standarts nd Health.Edited by Lorna Fewtrell and Jamie Bartram, IWA, London, UK.
  • Austın, B. (1988). Marine Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Bitton, G.( 2005). Wastewater microbiology. 3thed, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, I0-471-65071-4. New Jersey.
  • Çevikol, E. (1982). İstanbulu çeviren deniz sularında yaz mevsimi başında ve sonunda yapılan bakteriyolojik incelemeler( Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi, Istanbul, Türkiye.
  • Droste, R.L.(1997). Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. Willey and Sons, 0471153573, 978-0471153573,New York.
  • EPA (2006). EPA, Microbiological alternate test procedure (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, and wastewater monitoring methods.
  • EPA (2006). EPA, Microbiological alternate test produre (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, and wastewater monitoring methods of 15 February 2006.
  • EPA, (1998). Improved enumeration methods for the recreational water quality indicators: Enterococci and Escherichia coli.
  • European Parlament (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European parlament and of the council of 15 February 2006.
  • IOC (2018).Marine pollution facts and figures. Retrieved 16 July 2018 from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20- ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-pollution/facts-and-figures-on-marinepollution.
  • Januarıo (2019).Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre. ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, (pp.2520-630) Peniche, Portugal.
  • Mehmuna, B.S., Kumar, S., Naik,et al(2021).Indian coastal waters: a concoction of sewage indicator bacteria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, An assessment on recreational beaches,( article 193-number 455).
  • Prescot, L. M., Harley, J. P., Klein, D. A. (1999). Microbiology, 4th ed. WCB Mc GrawHill Science, 0072951753, 978-0072951752,Boston.
  • Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J.(1998). Handbook of Biological Statistics. Retrieved 1998 from http://www.biostathandbook.com/.
  • Zeki, S,A., Aslan, S.Burak., Rose, J.B. (2020).Occurrence of a human-associated microbial source tracking marker and its relationship with faecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary.(vol.72,ıssue2).
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selma Dilara Karaman Baş This is me 0000-0002-8682-4742

Gülşen Altuğ 0000-0003-3251-7699

Project Number (İ.Ü. BAP Project/31287)
Publication Date December 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Karaman Baş, S. D., & Altuğ, G. (2022). Investigation of the Levels of Bio-Indicator Bacteria in the Kınalıada Coastal Area, Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(4), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1069839