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A Qualitative Perspective on Civilians’ Fear of Terrorism

Year 2022, Volume: 18 Issue: 42, 347 - 386, 26.08.2022

Begüm Çardak Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1058130

Abstract

Fear of terrorism remained under the conceptual definitions of terror and terrorism for a long time in academic studies and, accordingly, the literature was scarce. However, today, with the increase in the violence and frequency of terrorist acts, the concept of fear of terrorism has started to become an important topic. Societies exposed to terrorist attacks place the concept of security as their utmost priority after the atmosphere of fear due to the horror created by the terrorist actions. Fear of terrorism causes problems in communication and interaction levels within this context. This study discusses the concept of fear of terrorism in detail. The first part of the study explains the fear of terrorism from a conceptual perspective. It emphasizes how the concepts of terrorism and fear of terrorism are handled in the literature, their causes, and related variables. In the second part, the consequences of the fear of terrorism are dealt with, and then in the third part, the methods used by terrorists to create fear of terrorism in individuals, the targets they choose, and the strategies they use are explained. Within the scope of the subject and purpose of the study, there is an analysis of the findings obtained as a result of the in-depth interview on the determination of how individuals living in Istanbul evaluate the fear of terrorism in the fourth and fifth parts. In the conclusion, there is a general evaluation of the fear of terrorism and the findings obtained in the study.

Keywords

Terrorism Fear of Terrorism Terrorist Organizations Terrorist Strategies Fear

References

  • ALEXANDER Yonah, In: Introduction, in Alexander Y. (ed.). International Terrorism: National, Regional and Global Perspectives, New York, New York Praeger Publisher, 1979.
  • ALY Anne, Leila Green, Social Implications of Fearing Terrorism: A report on Australian Responses to the Images and Discourses of Terrorism and the other (Establishing a metric of fear), Perth: Edith Cowan University, 2009.
  • AYDINLI Ersel, Erol Kuruba, Haluk Özdemir, Yöntem, Kuram, Komplo: Türk Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Vizyon Arayışları, Ankara, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2009.
  • COAFFEE Jon, Terrorism, Risk and The Global City”, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009.
  • DEMİR Cenker Korhan, Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: Eta, Pira, Pkk. Nobel Yayınları, Ankara, 2017.
  • FORST B, In: The Demand Side of Terrorism: Fear, Understandingand Responding to The Terrorism Phenomenon, Washington, DC: IOS Press, 2007.
  • JENKINS Brian M.. “In: International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict”, in David Carlton, Carlo Schaerfc ve Croom Helm,(ed). International Terrorism and World Security, Londra, 1975.
  • MARTIN Gus, Terörizm, Kavramlar ve Kuramlar, Ankara, Adres Yayınları, 2017.
  • WILKINSON, Paul, Political Terrorism, Londra, The Macmillan Press, 1974.
  • WILKINSON, Paul, Terrorism versus democracy: The liberal stole response, Routhledge, NewYork, 2006.
  • DEMİR Cenker Korhan, Medya ve Terörizm, Mahir Terzi ve Serkan Yenal, (ed), Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Seçme Konular, Sinopsis Yayınları, 2015.
  • THORNTON, Thomas P., “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation”, in Harry Eckstein, (ed.), Internal War: Problems and Approaches, New York, The Free Press, 1964.
  • ALTHEIDE David L., “Terrorism and the Politics of Fear”, Cultural Studies-Critical Methodologies, 2006, 6(4),415-417.
  • BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, “Terörizm ve Uluslararası İlişkiler”, Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1): 2003.
  • BEŇOVÁ Petro, Šárka Hošková-Mayerová, “Terrorist attacks on selected soft targets” Journal of Securıty and Sustaınabılıty Issues, 2019,8(3), 453-471.
  • BOSCARINO Joseph A. , Richard E. Adams, Charles R. Figley, Sandro Galea, and Edna B. Foa, “Fear of Terrorism and Preparedness in New York City 2 years after the attacks: implications for disaster planning and research”, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 12(6), 505-513.
  • CRELINSTEN Ronald D.. “The ımpact of Television on Terrorism and Crisis Situations: Implications for Public Policy”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 1994, 2(2), 61-72.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “The Causes of Terrorism”, Comperative Politics, 1981,13(4), 379-399.
  • ERGİL Doğu, “Terörizmin Mantığı ve Hedefi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1991, 46(1), 171-181.
  • EŞSİZOĞLU Altan, Aziz Yaşar, İsrafil Bülbül, Ejder Akgün Yıldırım ve Tamer Aker, “Bir Terörist Saldırı Sonrasında Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Gelişimini Etkileyen Risk Faktörleri”, Türk Psikiyatri Derneği, 20(2), 2009.
  • GADEFOIDT Amelie, Arnim Langer, “How Fear Drives Us Apart: Explaining the Relationship between Terrorism and Social Trust”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2018, 32(7), 1- 24.
  • HARMON Christopher C., “Five Strategies of Terrorism”, Small Wars Insurgencies, 2010, 12(3), 39-66.
  • KARTAL Atahan Birol, “Uluslararası Terörizmin Değişen Yapısı ve Terör Örgütlerinin Sosyal Medyayı Kullanması: Suriye’de DAEŞ ve YPG Örneği”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, 27,39-77.
  • KYDD Andrew H., Barbara Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism”, International Security, 2006, 31(1), 49-80.
  • LEONIE Huddy , Feldman Stanley, Capelos Theresa and Provost, Colin, “The Consequences of Terrorism: Disentangling The Effects of Personal and National Threat”, Political Psychology, 2002, 23, 485-509.
  • MUELLER John, Six Rather Unusual Propositions about Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2005, 17(4), 487-505.
  • NEWMAN Deborah W., “September 11: A Societal Reaction Perspective”, Crime, Law&Social Change, 2003, 39, 219-231.
  • NELLIS Ashley Marie, “Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2009, 25(3), 322-340.
  • NITSCH Volker, Dieter Schumacher, “Terrorism and international trade: an empirical investigation”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2004, 20(2), 423-434.
  • SCHMID Alex, “Terrorism, The Definitional Problem”, Case Western Reserve Journal of İnternational Law, 2004, 36(2), 375-419.
  • TAVARES Jose, “The open society assesses its enemies: shocks, disasters and terrorist attacks”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, 51(5), 1039-1070.
  • VAN DER DOES Ramon , Jaroslaw Kantorowicz, Sanneke Kuipers and Marieke Liem, “Does Terrorism Dominate Citizens’ Hearts or Minds? The Relationship Between Fear of Terrosim and Trust in Government”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2019, 33(6), 1-19.
  • YILMAZ Selin, Özgür Yılmaz, Terörizm ve terörizmin hedefi olarak turizm endüstrisi, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2005, 4(13), 39-58.
  • WILKINSON Paul, “The media and terrorism: A reassessment”, Terrorism and political violence, 1997, 9(2), 51-64.
  • HESTERMAN Jennifer, Soft Target Hardening: Protecting People From Attack, Crc Press, Taylor&Francis Group, 2015.
  • KALVACH Zdeněk, Basics of soft targets protection guidelines, Soft targets protection institue, Praque, 2016.
  • FREY Bruno, Simon Luechinger and Alois Stutzer, “Calculating tragedy: Assessing the costs of terrorism”, CESIFOworkingpaper,No.1341.2004,http://www.cesifo.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%202004/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%20November%202004/cesifo1_wp1341.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 12.02.2018).
  • LAQUER Walter, Terrorism: A brief history, countering the terrorist mentality. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did= 474007.2007:1-6, (ErişimTarihi: 13.03.2019).
  • TOPAL, Ahmet Hamdi “Uluslararası Hukukta Terörizmin Tanımlanması Sorunu”, E- Akademi.org. www.e-akademi.org,(Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2020).
  • www.bilgesam.org/incele/1241/-psikolojik, (Erişim tarihi: 10.05.2018)
  • https://www.bbc.com/news/education-45784642/, (ErişimTarihi:11.03.2019).
  • https://www.rand.org/blog/2017/03taking_the_teror_out_of_terrorism_requires_outsmarketing,html. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2019).

Sivil Bireylerin Terörizm Korkusuna Nitel Perspektiften Bakış

Year 2022, Volume: 18 Issue: 42, 347 - 386, 26.08.2022

Begüm Çardak Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1058130

Abstract

Akademik çalışmalarda terörizm korkusu, terör ve terörizmin kavramsal tanımlarının altında uzun süre alt başlık olarak kalmış ve üzerinde yeteri kadar çalışma gerçekleşmemiştir. Ancak günümüzde terör eylemlerinin şiddetinin ve sıklığının artması ile birlikte terörizm korkusu kavramı da önemli bir başlık haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Terörist saldırılarına maruz kalan toplumlar, eylemlerin yarattığı dehşete bağlı hissedilen korku atmosferi sonrasında öncelik sıralarına güvenlik kavramını yerleştirmektedirler. Terörizm korkusu bu bağlamda iletişim ve etkileşim düzeylerinde sorunlar yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada terörizm korkusu kavramı detaylı şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk kısmında terörizm korkusu, kavramsal bir perspektif üzerinden açıklanmaktadır. Terörizm ve terörizm korkusu kavramlarının literatürde nasıl ele alındığı, nedenleri, bağlantılı olduğu değişkenler vurgulanmaktadır. İkinci kısımda terörizm korkusunun yarattığı sonuçlar; üçüncü kısımda ise teröristlerin, bireylerde terörizm korkusu yaratma amacıyla kullandığı yöntemler, seçtiği hedefler ve kullandığı stratejiler açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın dördüncü ve beşinci kısmında çalışmanın konusu ve amacı kapsamında İstanbul’da yaşayan bireylerin terörizm korkusunu nasıl değerlendirdiklerinin tespiti üzerine gerçekleştirilen derinlemesine görüşmenin neticesinde elde edilen bulguların analizi yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise terörizm korkusuna ve çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara yönelik genel bir değerlendirme yer almaktadır.

Keywords

Terörizm Terörizm Korkusu Terör Örgütleri Terörist Stratejileri Korku

References

  • ALEXANDER Yonah, In: Introduction, in Alexander Y. (ed.). International Terrorism: National, Regional and Global Perspectives, New York, New York Praeger Publisher, 1979.
  • ALY Anne, Leila Green, Social Implications of Fearing Terrorism: A report on Australian Responses to the Images and Discourses of Terrorism and the other (Establishing a metric of fear), Perth: Edith Cowan University, 2009.
  • AYDINLI Ersel, Erol Kuruba, Haluk Özdemir, Yöntem, Kuram, Komplo: Türk Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Vizyon Arayışları, Ankara, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2009.
  • COAFFEE Jon, Terrorism, Risk and The Global City”, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009.
  • DEMİR Cenker Korhan, Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: Eta, Pira, Pkk. Nobel Yayınları, Ankara, 2017.
  • FORST B, In: The Demand Side of Terrorism: Fear, Understandingand Responding to The Terrorism Phenomenon, Washington, DC: IOS Press, 2007.
  • JENKINS Brian M.. “In: International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict”, in David Carlton, Carlo Schaerfc ve Croom Helm,(ed). International Terrorism and World Security, Londra, 1975.
  • MARTIN Gus, Terörizm, Kavramlar ve Kuramlar, Ankara, Adres Yayınları, 2017.
  • WILKINSON, Paul, Political Terrorism, Londra, The Macmillan Press, 1974.
  • WILKINSON, Paul, Terrorism versus democracy: The liberal stole response, Routhledge, NewYork, 2006.
  • DEMİR Cenker Korhan, Medya ve Terörizm, Mahir Terzi ve Serkan Yenal, (ed), Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Seçme Konular, Sinopsis Yayınları, 2015.
  • THORNTON, Thomas P., “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation”, in Harry Eckstein, (ed.), Internal War: Problems and Approaches, New York, The Free Press, 1964.
  • ALTHEIDE David L., “Terrorism and the Politics of Fear”, Cultural Studies-Critical Methodologies, 2006, 6(4),415-417.
  • BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, “Terörizm ve Uluslararası İlişkiler”, Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1): 2003.
  • BEŇOVÁ Petro, Šárka Hošková-Mayerová, “Terrorist attacks on selected soft targets” Journal of Securıty and Sustaınabılıty Issues, 2019,8(3), 453-471.
  • BOSCARINO Joseph A. , Richard E. Adams, Charles R. Figley, Sandro Galea, and Edna B. Foa, “Fear of Terrorism and Preparedness in New York City 2 years after the attacks: implications for disaster planning and research”, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 12(6), 505-513.
  • CRELINSTEN Ronald D.. “The ımpact of Television on Terrorism and Crisis Situations: Implications for Public Policy”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 1994, 2(2), 61-72.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “The Causes of Terrorism”, Comperative Politics, 1981,13(4), 379-399.
  • ERGİL Doğu, “Terörizmin Mantığı ve Hedefi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1991, 46(1), 171-181.
  • EŞSİZOĞLU Altan, Aziz Yaşar, İsrafil Bülbül, Ejder Akgün Yıldırım ve Tamer Aker, “Bir Terörist Saldırı Sonrasında Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Gelişimini Etkileyen Risk Faktörleri”, Türk Psikiyatri Derneği, 20(2), 2009.
  • GADEFOIDT Amelie, Arnim Langer, “How Fear Drives Us Apart: Explaining the Relationship between Terrorism and Social Trust”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2018, 32(7), 1- 24.
  • HARMON Christopher C., “Five Strategies of Terrorism”, Small Wars Insurgencies, 2010, 12(3), 39-66.
  • KARTAL Atahan Birol, “Uluslararası Terörizmin Değişen Yapısı ve Terör Örgütlerinin Sosyal Medyayı Kullanması: Suriye’de DAEŞ ve YPG Örneği”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, 27,39-77.
  • KYDD Andrew H., Barbara Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism”, International Security, 2006, 31(1), 49-80.
  • LEONIE Huddy , Feldman Stanley, Capelos Theresa and Provost, Colin, “The Consequences of Terrorism: Disentangling The Effects of Personal and National Threat”, Political Psychology, 2002, 23, 485-509.
  • MUELLER John, Six Rather Unusual Propositions about Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2005, 17(4), 487-505.
  • NEWMAN Deborah W., “September 11: A Societal Reaction Perspective”, Crime, Law&Social Change, 2003, 39, 219-231.
  • NELLIS Ashley Marie, “Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2009, 25(3), 322-340.
  • NITSCH Volker, Dieter Schumacher, “Terrorism and international trade: an empirical investigation”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2004, 20(2), 423-434.
  • SCHMID Alex, “Terrorism, The Definitional Problem”, Case Western Reserve Journal of İnternational Law, 2004, 36(2), 375-419.
  • TAVARES Jose, “The open society assesses its enemies: shocks, disasters and terrorist attacks”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, 51(5), 1039-1070.
  • VAN DER DOES Ramon , Jaroslaw Kantorowicz, Sanneke Kuipers and Marieke Liem, “Does Terrorism Dominate Citizens’ Hearts or Minds? The Relationship Between Fear of Terrosim and Trust in Government”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 2019, 33(6), 1-19.
  • YILMAZ Selin, Özgür Yılmaz, Terörizm ve terörizmin hedefi olarak turizm endüstrisi, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2005, 4(13), 39-58.
  • WILKINSON Paul, “The media and terrorism: A reassessment”, Terrorism and political violence, 1997, 9(2), 51-64.
  • HESTERMAN Jennifer, Soft Target Hardening: Protecting People From Attack, Crc Press, Taylor&Francis Group, 2015.
  • KALVACH Zdeněk, Basics of soft targets protection guidelines, Soft targets protection institue, Praque, 2016.
  • FREY Bruno, Simon Luechinger and Alois Stutzer, “Calculating tragedy: Assessing the costs of terrorism”, CESIFOworkingpaper,No.1341.2004,http://www.cesifo.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%202004/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%20November%202004/cesifo1_wp1341.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 12.02.2018).
  • LAQUER Walter, Terrorism: A brief history, countering the terrorist mentality. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did= 474007.2007:1-6, (ErişimTarihi: 13.03.2019).
  • TOPAL, Ahmet Hamdi “Uluslararası Hukukta Terörizmin Tanımlanması Sorunu”, E- Akademi.org. www.e-akademi.org,(Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2020).
  • www.bilgesam.org/incele/1241/-psikolojik, (Erişim tarihi: 10.05.2018)
  • https://www.bbc.com/news/education-45784642/, (ErişimTarihi:11.03.2019).
  • https://www.rand.org/blog/2017/03taking_the_teror_out_of_terrorism_requires_outsmarketing,html. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2019).
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Begüm Çardak 0000-0002-1847-3477

Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin 0000-0003-3729-0542

Publication Date August 26, 2022
Submission Date January 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 18 Issue: 42

Cite

Chicago Çardak, Begüm, and Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin. “Sivil Bireylerin Terörizm Korkusuna Nitel Perspektiften Bakış”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 18, no. 42 (August 2022): 347-86. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1058130.
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