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Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective

Year 2010, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 261 - 270, 06.07.2010

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Nitrites and nitrates possess a unique position in human toxicology. They are both ubiquitous in the environment and can be formed from nitrogenous compounds. Water, vegetables and meat are important sources of nitrite exposure. Nitrites have several detrimental effects on health. The primary health concern regarding nitrate and nitrite exposure is the formation of methemoglobinemia. Baby food and infant formulas can be important sources of nitrite and infants younger than six months are the most susceptible population. Furthermore, nitrites react with primary, secondary, or tertiary amines in an acid medium and form nitrosamines many of which are known to cause cancer. Health care providers, governments and health authorities should be aware of the routes of nitrite exposure and must have knowledge to assess the hazards. This review will focus on the detrimental effects of nitrite exposure, the possible outcomes and standards put by regulatory authorities to prevent high nitrite exposure especially for susceptible populations.

 

Key words: nitrite, toxicity, methemoglobinemia, nitrosamines

References

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Year 2010, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 261 - 270, 06.07.2010

Abstract

References

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  • Lutyński, R., Steczek-Wojdyła, M., Wojdyła, Z. and Kroch S., “The concentrations of nitrates and nitrites in food products and environment and the occurrence of acute toxic methemoglobinemias”, Przegl. Lek., 53 (4): 351-355 (1996).
  • Manassaram, D.M., Backer, L.C. and Moll, D.M., “A review of nitrates in drinking water: maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes”, Environ. Health Perspect., 114 (3): 320-327 (2006).
  • USGS, “The Quality of Our Nation's Waters: Nutrients and Pesticides”, Circular, 1225, Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (1999). Online: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1225/
  • Anand, P., Kunnumakara, A.B., Sundaram, C., Harikumar, K.B., Tharakan, S.T., Lai, O.S., Sung, B. and Aggarwal, B.B., “Cancer is a Preventable GU J Sci, 23(3):261-270 (2010)/ Pınar ERKEKOĞLU, Terken BAYDAR 267 Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes”, Pharm. Res., 25 (9): 2097-2116 (2008).
  • Suzin, J., Kmecl, V. and Gregorcic, A. “A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996-2002”, Food Addit. Contam., 23 (4): 385-390 (2006).
  • Knight, T.M., Forman, D., Al-Dabbagh, S.A. and Doll, R. “Estimation of dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite in Great Britain”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25 (4): 277-285 (1987).
  • Zhong, W., Hu, C. and Wang, M., “Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables from north China: content and intake”, Food Addit. Contam., 19 (12): 1125-1129 (2002).
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM), “Nitrate/nitrite toxicity. What are nitrate and nitrite?” Online. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/nitrate/nitrate.html
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  • Environmental Protection Agency, “List of contaminants and their MCLs”, Online. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html. Accessed December 5, 2005.
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  • Fan, A.M. and Steinberg, V.E., “Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: An update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and development toxicity”, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 23 (11): 35-43 (1996).
  • Knobeloch, .L, Salna, B., Hogan, A., Postle, J. and Anderson, H., “Blue babies and nitratecontaminated well water”, Environ. Health Perspect., 108 (7): 675-678 (2000).
  • Shearer, L.A., Goldsmith, J.R., Young, C., Kearns, O.A. and Tamplin, B.R., “Methemoglobin levels in infants in an area with high nitrate water supply”, Am. J. Public Health, 62 (9): 1174-1180 (1972).
  • Walters, C.L., “Reactions of nitrate and nitrite in foods with special reference to the determination of N-nitroso compounds”, Food Addit. Contam., 9 (5): 441-447 (1992).
  • Dejonckheere, W., Steurbaut, W., Drieghe, S., Verstraeten, R. and Braeckman, H., “Monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh vegetables, fruits, and other selected food items in Belgium, 1991-1993”, J. AOAC Int., 79: 97-110 (1996).
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  • Menard, C., Heraud, F., Volatier, J.L. and Leblanc, J.C., “Assessment of dietary exposure of nitrate and nitrite in France”, Food Addit. Contam., Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess., 25 (8): 971-988 (2008).
  • Sanchez-Echaniz, J., Benito-Fernandez, J. and Mintegui-Raso, S., “Methemoglobinemia and consumption of vegetables in infants”, Pediatrics, 107 (5): 1024-1028 (2001).
  • Nikolaidis, C., Mandalos, P. and Vantarakis, A., “Impact of intensive agricultural practices on drinking water quality in the Evros region (NE Greece) by GIS analysis”, Environ. Monit. Assess., 143 (1-3): 43-50 (2008).
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There are 101 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Chemistry
Authors

Pınar Erkekoğlu This is me

Terken Baydar

Publication Date July 6, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 23 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Erkekoğlu, P., & Baydar, T. (2010). Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective. Gazi University Journal of Science, 23(3), 261-270.
AMA Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T. Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective. Gazi University Journal of Science. September 2010;23(3):261-270.
Chicago Erkekoğlu, Pınar, and Terken Baydar. “Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective”. Gazi University Journal of Science 23, no. 3 (September 2010): 261-70.
EndNote Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T (September 1, 2010) Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective. Gazi University Journal of Science 23 3 261–270.
IEEE P. Erkekoğlu and T. Baydar, “Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 261–270, 2010.
ISNAD Erkekoğlu, Pınar - Baydar, Terken. “Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective”. Gazi University Journal of Science 23/3 (September 2010), 261-270.
JAMA Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T. Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2010;23:261–270.
MLA Erkekoğlu, Pınar and Terken Baydar. “Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 23, no. 3, 2010, pp. 261-70.
Vancouver Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T. Nitrite, a Hidden Foe in Foods:Evaluation of Nitrite in Toxicological Perspective. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2010;23(3):261-70.