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Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)’ten izole edilen cry1, cry3 ve cry4 genlerini içeren yerel Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) bakterisine ait insektisidal aktivite

Year 2022, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 227 - 237, 01.06.2022

Mehtap Usta

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1017243

Abstract

Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) şimşir üzerinde birincil zararlıdır. Bu zararlının larvaları yaprakları yiyerek zarar verir. Bitkinin fotosentez yapmasını engeller, sürgünlerin kabuğunu kemirir, kambiyum tabakasına zarar verir ve böylece şimşir sürgünlerini ve dallarını kuruturlar. Türkiye'de egzotik bir tür olan şimşir güvesi ilk olarak 2011 yılında İstanbul'da bahçe ve parklarda bulunmuş ve daha sonra; 2015 yılında Artvin ve Düzce'de, 2016 yılında Bartın'da yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, türün zararını göz önünde bulundurarak bu zararlı için bir kontrol yöntemi geliştirmektir. Bu kapsamda Mayıs 2021'de Artvin ilinden toplanan larvalardan bakteri izolasyonu yapılmış ve etkili bir izolat elde etmek için bakteri taraması yapılmıştır. Bu izolasyon sonunda Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) bulunmuştur. Bu bakterinin cry gen analizi yapıldığında cry1, cry3 ve cry4 genlerini içerdiği belirlendi. Bu bakterinin böcek öldürücü aktivitesi C. perspectalis üzerinde test edilmiş ve %85'lik bir ölüm oranı elde edilmiştir.

Keywords

Bacillus thuringiensis biyolojik mücadele cry genleri Cydalima perspectalis mikrobiyoloji

References

  • Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
  • Alper, M., H. Güneş, A. Tatlipinar, B. Çöl, H. S. Civelek, C. Özkan & B. Poyraz, 2014. Distribution, occurrence of cry genes, and lepidopteran toxicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from fig tree environments in Aydın Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry, 38 (6): 898-907.
  • Anonymous, 2011. Box tree caterpillar Cydalima perspectalis. Plant pest factsheet, the Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera). (Web page: www.defra.gov.uk/fera) (Date accessed: 5 August 2021).
  • Anonymous, 2021a. Bitki Veritabanı, Ağaçlar.net. (Web page: www.agaclar.net/forum/bitki-veritabani-www-agaclar-org/7734.htm) (Date accessed: 4 May 2021) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous, 2021b. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. (Web page: 194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php?sayfa=karsilastir) (Date accessed: 5 May 2021) (in Turkish).
  • Ben-Dov, E., S. Boussiba & A. Zaritsky, 1995. Mosquito larvicidal activity of Escherichia coli with combinations of genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Journal of Bacteriology, 177 (10): 2581-2587.
  • Binod, P., R. K. Sukumaran, S. V. Shirke, J. C. Rajput & A. Pandey, 2007. Evaluation of fungal culture filtrate containing chitinase as a biocontrol agent against Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103 (5): 1845-1852.
  • Bradford, M. M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72 (1-2): 248-254.
  • Bravo, A., S. Sarabia, L. Lopez, H. Ontiveros, C. Abarca, A. Ortiz, M. Ortiz, L. Lina, F. J. Villalobos, G. Peña, M.-E. Nuñez-Valdez, M. Soberón & R. Quintero, 1998. Characterization of cry genes in a Mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection. Applied and environmental microbiology, 64 (12): 4965-4972.
  • Charles, J. F., C. Nielson-LeRoux & A. Delecluse, 1996. Bacillus sphaericus toxins: molecular biology and mode of action. Annual Review of Entomology, 41 (1): 451-472.
  • Crickmore, N., J. Baum, A. Bravo, D. Lereclus, K. Narva, K. Sampson, E. Schnepf, M. Sun & D. R. Zeigler, 2018. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature. (Web page: http://www.vifabio.de/iqfBio/detail/1274) (Date accessed: September 2021).
  • Ding, X., Z. Luo, L. Xia, B. Gao, Y. Sun & Y. Zhang, 2008. Improving the insecticidal activity by expression of a recombinant cry1Ac gene with chitinase-encoding gene in acrystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis. Current Microbiology, 56: 442-446.
  • Finney, D. J., 1952. Probit Analysis: A Statistical Treatment of the Sigmoid Response Curve. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 256 pp.
  • Göktürk, T., 2017. “The effect of dipel and spruzit against Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), 125”. In: The Abstract Book of International Forestry and Environment Symposium "Climate Change and Tree Migration" (7-10 November 2017, Trabzon, Türkiye), 146 pp.
  • Henricot, B. & A. Culham, 2002. Cylindrocladium buxicola, a new species affecting Buxus spp. and its phylogenetic status. Mycologia, 94 (6): 980-997.
  • Hernández, C. S., R. Andrewa, Y. Bel & J. Ferré, 2005. Isolation and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis from potato-growing areas in Bolivia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 88 (1): 8-16.
  • Hizal, E., 2012. Two invasive alien insect species, Leptoglossus occidentals (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and their distribution and host plants in Istanbul Province, Turkey. Florida Entomologist, 95 (2): 344-350.
  • Jackson, T. A. & M. G. Klein, 2006. Scarabs as pests: a continuing problem. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 60 (5): 102-119. Klein, M. G. & H. Kaya, 1995. Bacillus and Serratia species for scarab control. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90 (1): 87-95.
  • Lacey, L. A., R. Frutos, H. K. Kaya & P. Vail, 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: do they have a future? Biological Control, 21 (3): 230-248.
  • Lacey, L. A. & A. H. Undeen, 1986. Microbial control of black flies and mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology, 31 (1): 265-296.
  • Lehtijärvi, A., H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi & F. Oskay, 2014. Cylindrocladium buxicola is threatening the native Buxus sempervirens populations in Turkey. Plant Protection Science, 50 (4): 227-229.
  • Lehtijärvi, A., H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi & F. Oskay, 2017. Boxwood blight in Turkey: Impact on natural boxwood populations and management challenges. Baltic Forestry, 23 (1): 274-278.
  • Leuthardt, F. L. G., W. Billen & B. Baur, 2010. Spread of the box-tree pyralid Diaphania perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the region of Basel-a pest species new for Switzerland. Entomology Helvetica, 3 (6): 51-57.
  • Mally, R. & M. Nuss, 2010. Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae). European Journal of Entomology, 107 (3): 393-400.
  • Matsiakh, I., V. Kramarets, M. Kavtarishvili & G. Mamadashvili, 2016. Distribution of invasive species and their threat to natural populations of boxwood (Buxus colchica Pojark) in Georgia. PPT Presentation. National Forestry Agency of Georgia, ENPI East Fleg II Program (Web page: www.observatree.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Matsiakh%20I._Threats%20to%20boxwood%20in%20Georgia.pdf) (Date accessed: 20 May 2021).
  • Moar, W. J., M. Pusztzai-Carey & T. P. Mack, 1995. Toxity of purified proteins and the HD-1 strain from Bacillus thuringiensis against lesser cornstalk borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88 (3): 606-609.
  • Muus, T. S. T., E. J. Van Haaften & L. J. Van Deventer, 2009. De buxusmot Palpita perspectalis (Walker) in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Entomologische Berichten, 69 (2): 66-67.
  • Nicolas, L., L. N. Regis & E. M. Rios, 1994. Role of the exosporium in the stability of the Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 124 (3): 271-275.
  • Nielsen-Leroux, C., F. Pasquier, J. F. Charles, G. SinÈGre, B. Gaven & N. Pasteur, 1997. Resistance to Bacillus sphaericus involves different mechanisms in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 34 (3): 321-327.
  • Nishiwaki, H., K. Nakashima, C. Ishida, T. Kawamura & K. Matsuda, 2007. Cloning, functional characterization, and mode of action of a novel insecticidal pore-forming toxin, sphaericolysin, produced by Bacillus sphaericus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (10): 3404-3411.
  • Öztürk, N., S. Akbulut & B. Yüksel, 2016. Düzce için yeni bir zararlı Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 12 (1): 112-121 (in Turkish).
  • Rao, D. R., T. R. Mani, R. Rajendran, A. S. Joseph, A. Gajanana & R. Reuben, 1995. Development of a high level of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in a field population of Culex quinquefasciatus from Kochi, India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association-Mosquito News, 11 (1): 1-5.
  • Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch & T. Maniatis, 1989. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1659 pp.
  • Sanahuja Solsona, G., R. Banakar, R. M. Twyman, T. Capell & P. Christou, 2011. Bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 9 (3): 283-300.
  • Santi, F., P. Radeghieri, G. I. Sigurtà & S. Maini, 2015. Sex pheromone traps for detection of the invasive box tree moth in Italy. Bulletin of Insectology, 68 (1): 158-160.
  • Schnepf, E., N. V. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson & D. Dean, 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62 (3): 775-806.
  • Schnepf, H. E. & H. R. Whiteley, 1981. Cloning and expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78 (5): 2893-2897.
  • Sneath, P. H. A., 1986. “Regular, Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods, 1208-1260”. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2. (Eds. P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1203 pp.
  • Sun, X., H. Wang, X. Sun, X. Chen, C. Peng, D. Pan, J. A. Jehle, W. Werf, J. M. Vlak & Z. Hu, 2004. Biological activity and field efficacy of a genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing an insect-selective toxin from a chimeric promoter. Biological Control, 29 (1):124-137.
  • Thiery, I. & E. Frachon, 1997. “Identification, Isolation, Culture and Preservation of Entomopathogenic Bacteria, 55-73”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. A. L. Lacey). Academic Press, London, 409 pp.
  • Toper Kaygın, A. & C. Taşdeler, 2018. “Cydalima perspectalis (Walker,1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) şimşirlerimiz için bir tehdit mi? 21”. Proceedings of III. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu (10-12 May 2018, Artvin, Türkiye), 113 pp (in Turkish).
  • Uribe, D., W. Martinez & J. Ceron, 2003. Distribution and diversity of cry genes in native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis obtained from different ecosystems from Colombia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82 (2): 119-127.
  • Wan, H., T. Haye, M. Kenis, S. Nacambo, H. Xu, F. Zhang & H. Li, 2014. Biology and natural enemies of Cydalima perspectalis in Asia: Is there biological control potential in Europe? Journal of Applied Entomology, 138 (10): 715-722.
  • William, G. W., M. B. Susan, A. P. Dale & J. L. David, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Journal of Bacteriology, 173 (2): 697-703.
  • Yıldız, Y., İ. Yıldırım & C. Bostancı, 2018. “Bartın İlinin İstilacı Böcek Türleri, 25”. Proceedings of III. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu (10-12 May 2018, Artvin, Türkiye), 113 pp (in Turkish).

Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities

Year 2022, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 227 - 237, 01.06.2022

Mehtap Usta

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1017243

Abstract

Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) is a primary pest on boxwood. The larvae of this pest cause damage by eating the leaves. They prevent the plant from performing photosynthesis, gnaw the bark of the shoots, damage the cambium layer and thus dry the boxwood shoots and branches. The boxwood moth, which is an exotic species in Türkiye, was first found in gardens and parks in Istanbul in 2011 and subsequently in Artvin and Düzce in 2015, and Bartın in 2016. The aim of this study is to develop a control method for this pest by considering the damage of the species. In this context, bacteria were isolated from the larvae collected from Artvin in May 2021 and bacteria screening was conducted to obtain an effective isolate. At the end of this isolation, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) was found. When cry gene analysis of this bacterium was performed, it was determined that it contained cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes. The insecticidal activity of this bacterium was tested on C. perspectalis and a mortality rate of 85% was obtained.

Keywords

Bacillus thuringiensis biological control cry genes Cydalima perspectalis microbiology

References

  • Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
  • Alper, M., H. Güneş, A. Tatlipinar, B. Çöl, H. S. Civelek, C. Özkan & B. Poyraz, 2014. Distribution, occurrence of cry genes, and lepidopteran toxicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from fig tree environments in Aydın Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry, 38 (6): 898-907.
  • Anonymous, 2011. Box tree caterpillar Cydalima perspectalis. Plant pest factsheet, the Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera). (Web page: www.defra.gov.uk/fera) (Date accessed: 5 August 2021).
  • Anonymous, 2021a. Bitki Veritabanı, Ağaçlar.net. (Web page: www.agaclar.net/forum/bitki-veritabani-www-agaclar-org/7734.htm) (Date accessed: 4 May 2021) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous, 2021b. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. (Web page: 194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php?sayfa=karsilastir) (Date accessed: 5 May 2021) (in Turkish).
  • Ben-Dov, E., S. Boussiba & A. Zaritsky, 1995. Mosquito larvicidal activity of Escherichia coli with combinations of genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Journal of Bacteriology, 177 (10): 2581-2587.
  • Binod, P., R. K. Sukumaran, S. V. Shirke, J. C. Rajput & A. Pandey, 2007. Evaluation of fungal culture filtrate containing chitinase as a biocontrol agent against Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103 (5): 1845-1852.
  • Bradford, M. M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72 (1-2): 248-254.
  • Bravo, A., S. Sarabia, L. Lopez, H. Ontiveros, C. Abarca, A. Ortiz, M. Ortiz, L. Lina, F. J. Villalobos, G. Peña, M.-E. Nuñez-Valdez, M. Soberón & R. Quintero, 1998. Characterization of cry genes in a Mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection. Applied and environmental microbiology, 64 (12): 4965-4972.
  • Charles, J. F., C. Nielson-LeRoux & A. Delecluse, 1996. Bacillus sphaericus toxins: molecular biology and mode of action. Annual Review of Entomology, 41 (1): 451-472.
  • Crickmore, N., J. Baum, A. Bravo, D. Lereclus, K. Narva, K. Sampson, E. Schnepf, M. Sun & D. R. Zeigler, 2018. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature. (Web page: http://www.vifabio.de/iqfBio/detail/1274) (Date accessed: September 2021).
  • Ding, X., Z. Luo, L. Xia, B. Gao, Y. Sun & Y. Zhang, 2008. Improving the insecticidal activity by expression of a recombinant cry1Ac gene with chitinase-encoding gene in acrystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis. Current Microbiology, 56: 442-446.
  • Finney, D. J., 1952. Probit Analysis: A Statistical Treatment of the Sigmoid Response Curve. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 256 pp.
  • Göktürk, T., 2017. “The effect of dipel and spruzit against Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), 125”. In: The Abstract Book of International Forestry and Environment Symposium "Climate Change and Tree Migration" (7-10 November 2017, Trabzon, Türkiye), 146 pp.
  • Henricot, B. & A. Culham, 2002. Cylindrocladium buxicola, a new species affecting Buxus spp. and its phylogenetic status. Mycologia, 94 (6): 980-997.
  • Hernández, C. S., R. Andrewa, Y. Bel & J. Ferré, 2005. Isolation and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis from potato-growing areas in Bolivia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 88 (1): 8-16.
  • Hizal, E., 2012. Two invasive alien insect species, Leptoglossus occidentals (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and their distribution and host plants in Istanbul Province, Turkey. Florida Entomologist, 95 (2): 344-350.
  • Jackson, T. A. & M. G. Klein, 2006. Scarabs as pests: a continuing problem. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 60 (5): 102-119. Klein, M. G. & H. Kaya, 1995. Bacillus and Serratia species for scarab control. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90 (1): 87-95.
  • Lacey, L. A., R. Frutos, H. K. Kaya & P. Vail, 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: do they have a future? Biological Control, 21 (3): 230-248.
  • Lacey, L. A. & A. H. Undeen, 1986. Microbial control of black flies and mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology, 31 (1): 265-296.
  • Lehtijärvi, A., H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi & F. Oskay, 2014. Cylindrocladium buxicola is threatening the native Buxus sempervirens populations in Turkey. Plant Protection Science, 50 (4): 227-229.
  • Lehtijärvi, A., H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi & F. Oskay, 2017. Boxwood blight in Turkey: Impact on natural boxwood populations and management challenges. Baltic Forestry, 23 (1): 274-278.
  • Leuthardt, F. L. G., W. Billen & B. Baur, 2010. Spread of the box-tree pyralid Diaphania perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the region of Basel-a pest species new for Switzerland. Entomology Helvetica, 3 (6): 51-57.
  • Mally, R. & M. Nuss, 2010. Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae). European Journal of Entomology, 107 (3): 393-400.
  • Matsiakh, I., V. Kramarets, M. Kavtarishvili & G. Mamadashvili, 2016. Distribution of invasive species and their threat to natural populations of boxwood (Buxus colchica Pojark) in Georgia. PPT Presentation. National Forestry Agency of Georgia, ENPI East Fleg II Program (Web page: www.observatree.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Matsiakh%20I._Threats%20to%20boxwood%20in%20Georgia.pdf) (Date accessed: 20 May 2021).
  • Moar, W. J., M. Pusztzai-Carey & T. P. Mack, 1995. Toxity of purified proteins and the HD-1 strain from Bacillus thuringiensis against lesser cornstalk borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88 (3): 606-609.
  • Muus, T. S. T., E. J. Van Haaften & L. J. Van Deventer, 2009. De buxusmot Palpita perspectalis (Walker) in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Entomologische Berichten, 69 (2): 66-67.
  • Nicolas, L., L. N. Regis & E. M. Rios, 1994. Role of the exosporium in the stability of the Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 124 (3): 271-275.
  • Nielsen-Leroux, C., F. Pasquier, J. F. Charles, G. SinÈGre, B. Gaven & N. Pasteur, 1997. Resistance to Bacillus sphaericus involves different mechanisms in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 34 (3): 321-327.
  • Nishiwaki, H., K. Nakashima, C. Ishida, T. Kawamura & K. Matsuda, 2007. Cloning, functional characterization, and mode of action of a novel insecticidal pore-forming toxin, sphaericolysin, produced by Bacillus sphaericus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (10): 3404-3411.
  • Öztürk, N., S. Akbulut & B. Yüksel, 2016. Düzce için yeni bir zararlı Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 12 (1): 112-121 (in Turkish).
  • Rao, D. R., T. R. Mani, R. Rajendran, A. S. Joseph, A. Gajanana & R. Reuben, 1995. Development of a high level of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in a field population of Culex quinquefasciatus from Kochi, India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association-Mosquito News, 11 (1): 1-5.
  • Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch & T. Maniatis, 1989. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1659 pp.
  • Sanahuja Solsona, G., R. Banakar, R. M. Twyman, T. Capell & P. Christou, 2011. Bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 9 (3): 283-300.
  • Santi, F., P. Radeghieri, G. I. Sigurtà & S. Maini, 2015. Sex pheromone traps for detection of the invasive box tree moth in Italy. Bulletin of Insectology, 68 (1): 158-160.
  • Schnepf, E., N. V. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson & D. Dean, 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62 (3): 775-806.
  • Schnepf, H. E. & H. R. Whiteley, 1981. Cloning and expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78 (5): 2893-2897.
  • Sneath, P. H. A., 1986. “Regular, Nonsporing Gram Positive Rods, 1208-1260”. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2. (Eds. P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1203 pp.
  • Sun, X., H. Wang, X. Sun, X. Chen, C. Peng, D. Pan, J. A. Jehle, W. Werf, J. M. Vlak & Z. Hu, 2004. Biological activity and field efficacy of a genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing an insect-selective toxin from a chimeric promoter. Biological Control, 29 (1):124-137.
  • Thiery, I. & E. Frachon, 1997. “Identification, Isolation, Culture and Preservation of Entomopathogenic Bacteria, 55-73”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. A. L. Lacey). Academic Press, London, 409 pp.
  • Toper Kaygın, A. & C. Taşdeler, 2018. “Cydalima perspectalis (Walker,1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) şimşirlerimiz için bir tehdit mi? 21”. Proceedings of III. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu (10-12 May 2018, Artvin, Türkiye), 113 pp (in Turkish).
  • Uribe, D., W. Martinez & J. Ceron, 2003. Distribution and diversity of cry genes in native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis obtained from different ecosystems from Colombia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82 (2): 119-127.
  • Wan, H., T. Haye, M. Kenis, S. Nacambo, H. Xu, F. Zhang & H. Li, 2014. Biology and natural enemies of Cydalima perspectalis in Asia: Is there biological control potential in Europe? Journal of Applied Entomology, 138 (10): 715-722.
  • William, G. W., M. B. Susan, A. P. Dale & J. L. David, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Journal of Bacteriology, 173 (2): 697-703.
  • Yıldız, Y., İ. Yıldırım & C. Bostancı, 2018. “Bartın İlinin İstilacı Böcek Türleri, 25”. Proceedings of III. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu (10-12 May 2018, Artvin, Türkiye), 113 pp (in Turkish).
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehtap Usta 0000-0001-7656-5655

Early Pub Date May 14, 2022
Publication Date June 1, 2022
Submission Date November 4, 2021
Acceptance Date June 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 46 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Usta, M. (2022). Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1017243
AMA Usta M. Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities. TED. June 2022;46(2):227-237. doi:10.16970/entoted.1017243
Chicago Usta, Mehtap. “Local Isolate of Bacillus Thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) Includes cry1, Cry3 and Cry4 Genes and Their Insecticidal Activities”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46, no. 2 (June 2022): 227-37. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1017243.
EndNote Usta M (June 1, 2022) Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46 2 227–237.
IEEE M. Usta, “Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities”, TED, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 227–237, 2022, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1017243.
ISNAD Usta, Mehtap. “Local Isolate of Bacillus Thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) Includes cry1, Cry3 and Cry4 Genes and Their Insecticidal Activities”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46/2 (June 2022), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1017243.
JAMA Usta M. Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities. TED. 2022;46:227–237.
MLA Usta, Mehtap. “Local Isolate of Bacillus Thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) Includes cry1, Cry3 and Cry4 Genes and Their Insecticidal Activities”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 46, no. 2, 2022, pp. 227-3, doi:10.16970/entoted.1017243.
Vancouver Usta M. Local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) from Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) includes cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes and their insecticidal activities. TED. 2022;46(2):227-3.
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