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Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 127 - 134, 25.02.2017

Gokcen Bayrak Yılmaz

Abstract



Limited
waters sources in the world are consumed rapidly, it has been seen that water
sources should be examined with its basin holistically. When Ergene Basin is
examined holistically, it seems to have agricultural area approximately 76% of
the area and a significant production value (64% sunflower and 50% rice) in
grain production in the country. When total consumption of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides in agriculture are analyzed according to the years, an increase
is observed.



In
this study, it is aimed to determine the long term nutrient (total nitrogen- TN
and total phosphorus- TP) loads and consumption of pesticides in Ergene Basin
by years. For this purpose, nutrient loads from agricultural diffuse sources
have been estimated by using chemical fertilizer amounts and conversion
factors, animal numbers and emission factors. The loads from chemical and
natural (animal) fertilizers are 26960 tons/year TN and 3650 tons/year TP in
the year 2015. Also in this study, monitoring stations have been proposed for
the determination of nutrients and other pollutants loads considering
sub-basins and pollution sources for the water sources, air and soil can be
monitored simultaneously.



When the
effects of nutrient loads and pesticides at surface waters and soils in Ergene
Basin are considered both ecologically and socio-economically, it has been
identified that intended use of water sources was changed, agricultural and
aquatic production was negatively affected by deteriorated ecological balance
at surface water. Also, the diffuse pollution from agricultural sources causes
soil contamination. Ecological and economic sustainability of Ergene Basin are
considered to be under a certain threat.

Keywords

Agricultural diffuse pollution nutrient load pesticide

References

  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz, A. Öngen, N. Sivri, D.Z. Şeker, Estimation of Nutrient and TSS Loads of Ergene River and Its Potential Risk on Ecosystem, 46th Croatian & 6th International Symposium on Agriculture, Section 1. Agroecology and Ecological Agriculture, Opatija, February 14-18, 2011, p.4, 2011.
  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz, Determination of the Impact of Long Term Nutrient Loads on Surface Water: A Case Study of Ergene Basin. PhD Thesis, İstanbul University Institute of Science, In Turkish, 2011.
  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz. and N. Sivri, Estimation of Nutrient Loads from Point and Diffuse Sources in Ergene Basin and Its Potential Risk on Ecosystem, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Volume 23 - No 12a, 3202-3211, 2014.
  • A. Sharpley and X. Wang, Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China, Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 (2014) 1770–1782, 2014.
  • P.J.A. Withers, C. Neal, H.P. Jarvie and D.G. Doody, Agriculture and Eutrophication: Where Do We Go from Here?, Sustainability 2014, 6, 5853-5875; doi:10.3390/su6095853, 2014.
  • S. Savci, Investigation of Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Environment, APCBEE Procedia 1 (2012) 287 – 292, 2012.
  • B. Sun, L. Zhang, L. Yang, F. Zhang, D. Norse, Z. Zhu, Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures, AMBIO 2012, 41:370–379, 2012.
  • G.F. Birch, B. Cruickshank, and B.Davis, Modelling Nutrient Loads to Sydney Estuary (Australia), Environ Monit Assess (2010) 167:333–348, 2010.
  • W. Aktar, D. Sengupta and A. Chowdhury, Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards, Interdisc Toxicol. 2009; Vol. 2(1): 1–12, doi: 10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7, 2009.
  • C. S. Jacobsen and M. H. Hjelms, Agricultural soils, pesticides and microbial diversity, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2014, 27:15–20, 2014.
  • S. Wasi, S. Tabrez, and M. Ahmad, Toxicological effects of major environmental pollutants: an overview, Environ Monit Assess (2013) 185:2585–2593, 2013.
  • A. N. Sharpley, L. Bergstro¨m, H. Aronsson, M. Bechmann, C.H. Bolster, K. Bo¨rling, F. Djodjic, H.P. Jarvie, O.F. Schoumans, C. Stamm, K.S. Tonderski, B. Ule´n, R. Uusitalo, P.J.A. Withers, Future agriculture with minimized phosphorus losses to waters: Research needs and direction, AMBIO 2015, 44(Suppl. 2):S163–S179, 2015.
  • K. Bellitürk, Edirne İli Uzunköprü İlçesi Tarım Topraklarının Beslenme Durumlarının Belirlenmesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, Bellitürk, 2011 8 (3) s.8-15, In Turkish, 2011.
  • RTMEU, RT Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, Ergene Havzası Su Kalitesi İzleme Raporu İlkbahar ve Yaz Dönemi, In Turkish, 2015.
  • J. Holas and J. Klir, Diffuse Pollution Management in the Czech Republic at the Example of Selected Watersheds Case Study, Diffuse Pollution Conference Dublin 2003 3A: Agriculture, Dublin, 3.1-3.6, 2003.
  • M.T. Sağlam, M. Bahtiyar, C. Cangir, H.H. Tok, Soil Science, Anadolu Press, Tekirdağ, Turkey, In Turkish, 1993.
  • W. Rast and F. Lee, Nutrient Loading Estimates for Lakes, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 2, April, 1983, Paper No. 17851, 1983.
  • P.J. Johnes, Evaluation and Management of the Impact of Land Use Change on the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Load Delivered to Surface Waters: The Export Coefficient Modelling Approach, Journal of Hydrology 183 (1996) 323-349, 1996.
  • ICPDR, The Danube River Basin District Part A – Basin-wide Overview, Short: “Danube Basin Analysis (WFD Roof Report 2004)”, ICPDR Document IC/084, 18 March 2005, 2005.
  • F. Caille, Integrated Environmental Assessment of Nutrient Emissions in a Mediterranean Catchment: A Case Study in La Toreda, Catalonia, Doctoral Degree, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, 2009.
  • P. Haygarth, P. Johnes, D. Butterfield, B. Foy, P. Withers, Land Use for Achieving ‘Good Ecological Status’ of Waterbodies in England and Wales: A Theoretical Exploration for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, DEFRA Final version, December, 2003.
  • SERAD, Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supplement to the Code of Good Practice on Prevention of Environmental Pollution From Agricultural Activity, May 2001 1 84268 969 X, © Crown copyright 2001, 2001.
  • A.N. Sharpley, T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, R. Parry, Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication, 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–149, 44 pp, 2003.
  • Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC), 1991.
  • Tarımsal Kaynaklı Nitrat Kirliliğine Karşı Suların Korunması Yönetmeliği, 23 Temmuz 2016 Cumartesi RG Sayı: 29779, In Turkish, 2016.
  • FAO, Status of the World’s Soil Resources, p.15, 2015.
  • Yüzeysel Sular ve Yeraltı Sularının İzlenmesine Dair Yönetmelik, 11 Şubat 2014 Salı RG Sayı: 28910, In Turkish, 2014.
  • G. Bayrak, The Dynamic of Heavy Metal Concentration of Lake Gala and its Surroundings, Trakya University Institute of Science Department of Soil, MSc Thesis, Edirne, In Turkish, 2004.
  • J. Pretty, Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008) 363, 447–465, 2008.

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 127 - 134, 25.02.2017

Gokcen Bayrak Yılmaz

Abstract

References

  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz, A. Öngen, N. Sivri, D.Z. Şeker, Estimation of Nutrient and TSS Loads of Ergene River and Its Potential Risk on Ecosystem, 46th Croatian & 6th International Symposium on Agriculture, Section 1. Agroecology and Ecological Agriculture, Opatija, February 14-18, 2011, p.4, 2011.
  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz, Determination of the Impact of Long Term Nutrient Loads on Surface Water: A Case Study of Ergene Basin. PhD Thesis, İstanbul University Institute of Science, In Turkish, 2011.
  • G. Bayrak Yılmaz. and N. Sivri, Estimation of Nutrient Loads from Point and Diffuse Sources in Ergene Basin and Its Potential Risk on Ecosystem, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Volume 23 - No 12a, 3202-3211, 2014.
  • A. Sharpley and X. Wang, Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China, Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 (2014) 1770–1782, 2014.
  • P.J.A. Withers, C. Neal, H.P. Jarvie and D.G. Doody, Agriculture and Eutrophication: Where Do We Go from Here?, Sustainability 2014, 6, 5853-5875; doi:10.3390/su6095853, 2014.
  • S. Savci, Investigation of Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Environment, APCBEE Procedia 1 (2012) 287 – 292, 2012.
  • B. Sun, L. Zhang, L. Yang, F. Zhang, D. Norse, Z. Zhu, Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures, AMBIO 2012, 41:370–379, 2012.
  • G.F. Birch, B. Cruickshank, and B.Davis, Modelling Nutrient Loads to Sydney Estuary (Australia), Environ Monit Assess (2010) 167:333–348, 2010.
  • W. Aktar, D. Sengupta and A. Chowdhury, Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards, Interdisc Toxicol. 2009; Vol. 2(1): 1–12, doi: 10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7, 2009.
  • C. S. Jacobsen and M. H. Hjelms, Agricultural soils, pesticides and microbial diversity, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2014, 27:15–20, 2014.
  • S. Wasi, S. Tabrez, and M. Ahmad, Toxicological effects of major environmental pollutants: an overview, Environ Monit Assess (2013) 185:2585–2593, 2013.
  • A. N. Sharpley, L. Bergstro¨m, H. Aronsson, M. Bechmann, C.H. Bolster, K. Bo¨rling, F. Djodjic, H.P. Jarvie, O.F. Schoumans, C. Stamm, K.S. Tonderski, B. Ule´n, R. Uusitalo, P.J.A. Withers, Future agriculture with minimized phosphorus losses to waters: Research needs and direction, AMBIO 2015, 44(Suppl. 2):S163–S179, 2015.
  • K. Bellitürk, Edirne İli Uzunköprü İlçesi Tarım Topraklarının Beslenme Durumlarının Belirlenmesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, Bellitürk, 2011 8 (3) s.8-15, In Turkish, 2011.
  • RTMEU, RT Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, Ergene Havzası Su Kalitesi İzleme Raporu İlkbahar ve Yaz Dönemi, In Turkish, 2015.
  • J. Holas and J. Klir, Diffuse Pollution Management in the Czech Republic at the Example of Selected Watersheds Case Study, Diffuse Pollution Conference Dublin 2003 3A: Agriculture, Dublin, 3.1-3.6, 2003.
  • M.T. Sağlam, M. Bahtiyar, C. Cangir, H.H. Tok, Soil Science, Anadolu Press, Tekirdağ, Turkey, In Turkish, 1993.
  • W. Rast and F. Lee, Nutrient Loading Estimates for Lakes, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 2, April, 1983, Paper No. 17851, 1983.
  • P.J. Johnes, Evaluation and Management of the Impact of Land Use Change on the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Load Delivered to Surface Waters: The Export Coefficient Modelling Approach, Journal of Hydrology 183 (1996) 323-349, 1996.
  • ICPDR, The Danube River Basin District Part A – Basin-wide Overview, Short: “Danube Basin Analysis (WFD Roof Report 2004)”, ICPDR Document IC/084, 18 March 2005, 2005.
  • F. Caille, Integrated Environmental Assessment of Nutrient Emissions in a Mediterranean Catchment: A Case Study in La Toreda, Catalonia, Doctoral Degree, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, 2009.
  • P. Haygarth, P. Johnes, D. Butterfield, B. Foy, P. Withers, Land Use for Achieving ‘Good Ecological Status’ of Waterbodies in England and Wales: A Theoretical Exploration for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, DEFRA Final version, December, 2003.
  • SERAD, Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supplement to the Code of Good Practice on Prevention of Environmental Pollution From Agricultural Activity, May 2001 1 84268 969 X, © Crown copyright 2001, 2001.
  • A.N. Sharpley, T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, R. Parry, Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication, 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–149, 44 pp, 2003.
  • Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC), 1991.
  • Tarımsal Kaynaklı Nitrat Kirliliğine Karşı Suların Korunması Yönetmeliği, 23 Temmuz 2016 Cumartesi RG Sayı: 29779, In Turkish, 2016.
  • FAO, Status of the World’s Soil Resources, p.15, 2015.
  • Yüzeysel Sular ve Yeraltı Sularının İzlenmesine Dair Yönetmelik, 11 Şubat 2014 Salı RG Sayı: 28910, In Turkish, 2014.
  • G. Bayrak, The Dynamic of Heavy Metal Concentration of Lake Gala and its Surroundings, Trakya University Institute of Science Department of Soil, MSc Thesis, Edirne, In Turkish, 2004.
  • J. Pretty, Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008) 363, 447–465, 2008.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gokcen Bayrak Yılmaz

Publication Date February 25, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bayrak Yılmaz, G. (2017). Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2(1), 127-134.
AMA Bayrak Yılmaz G. Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin. EJSDR. February 2017;2(1):127-134.
Chicago Bayrak Yılmaz, Gokcen. “Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin”. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2, no. 1 (February 2017): 127-34.
EndNote Bayrak Yılmaz G (February 1, 2017) Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2 1 127–134.
IEEE G. Bayrak Yılmaz, “Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin”, EJSDR, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 127–134, 2017.
ISNAD Bayrak Yılmaz, Gokcen. “Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin”. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2/1 (February 2017), 127-134.
JAMA Bayrak Yılmaz G. Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin. EJSDR. 2017;2:127–134.
MLA Bayrak Yılmaz, Gokcen. “Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin”. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2017, pp. 127-34.
Vancouver Bayrak Yılmaz G. Agricultural Diffuse Pollution and Sustainability in Ergene Basin. EJSDR. 2017;2(1):127-34.
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