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Cervical Cancer: An Overview

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 30.06.2023

Hilal Gökçe Nalbantoğlu Pınar Arslan

Abstract

Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, despite its preventability. It develops over many years as a result of persistent infection of high-risk HPV types in the presence of risk factors. In developed countries where vaccination and screening programs against HPV are implemented, its incidence has decreased at a high rate. 90% of cases occur in underdeveloped and developing countries. When persistent HPV infection progresses and cannot be destroyed by the immune system, precancerous lesions occur. Screening should be performed at regular intervals to prevent precancerous lesions from turning into invasive cancer. When cervical cancer is diagnosed, the appropriate treatment method is determined by staging. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatments for cervical cancer. This review, it is aimed to provide general information about cervical cancer.

Keywords

cancer cervix hpv cervical intraepithelial lesion squamous intraepithelial neoplasia

References

  • Aref‐Adib, M. and Freeman‐Wang, T. (2016). Cervical cancer prevention and screening: the role of human papillomavirus testing. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 18(4): 251-263.
  • Arends, M.J., Buckley, C.H., Wells, M. (1998). Aetiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of cervical neoplasia. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 51(2): 96-103.
  • Avcı, G.A. and Bozdayı, G. (2013). Human Papillomavirus. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(3): 136-144 Aydoğdu, S.G.M. and Özsoy, Ü. (2018). Serviks kanseri ve HPV. Androloji Bülteni, 20: 25-29.
  • Balasubramaniam, S.D., Balakrishnan, V., Oon, C.E., Kaur, G. (2019). Key molecular events in cervical cancer development. Medicina, 55(7): 384.
  • Banerjee, R. and Kamrava, M. (2014). Brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer: a review. International Journal of Women's Health, 555-564.
  • Bedell, S.L., Goldstein, L.S., Goldstein, A.R., Goldstein, A.T. (2020). Cervical cancer screening: past, present, and future. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(1): 28-37.
  • Bhatla, N., Aoki, D., Sharma, D.N., Sankaranarayanan, R. (2018). Cancer of the cervix uteri. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 143: 22-36.
  • Bhatla, N., Aoki, D., Sharm, D.N., Sankaranarayanan, R. (2021). Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 155: 28-44.
  • Boulet, G., Horvath, C., Broeck, D.V., Sahebali, S., Bogers, J. (2007). Human papillomavirus: E6 and E7 oncogenes. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(11): 2006-2011.
  • Burd, E.M. (2003). Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1): 1-17.
  • Chelimo, C., Wouldes, T.A., Cameron, L.D., Elwood, J.M. (2013). Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. Journal of Infection, 66(3): 207-217.
  • Christiansen, I.K., Sandve, G.K., Schmitz, M., Dürst, M., Hovig, E. (2015). Transcriptionally active regions are the preferred targets for chromosomal HPV integration in cervical carcinogenesis. PloS One, 10(3): e0119566.
  • Chumduri, C., Gurumurthy, R.K., Berger, H., Dietrich, O., Kumar, N., Koster, S., Meyer, T.F. (2021). Opposing Wnt signals regulate cervical squamocolumnar homeostasis and emergence of metaplasia. Nature Cell Biology, 23(2): 184-197.
  • Cohen, P.A., Jhingran, A., Oaknin, A., Denny, L. (2019). Cervical cancer. The Lancet, 393(10167): 169-182.
  • Cooper, D.B., McCathran, C.E. (2022). Cervical dysplasia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Franchini, A.P.A., Iskander, B., Answer, F., Oliveri, F., Fotios, K., Panday, P., Hamid, P. (2022). The Role of Chlamydia Trachomatis in the Pathogenesis of Cervical Cancer. Cureus, 14(1).
  • Fujiwara, K., Monk, B., Devouassoux-Shisheboran, M. (2014). Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: why is it different? Current Oncology Reports, 16: 1-9.
  • GLOBOCAN. (2020). Global Cancer Observatory. https://gco.iarc.fr/ Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2023
  • Hwang, L.Y., Ma, Y., Shiboski, S.C., Farhat, S., Jonte, J., Moscicki, A.B. (2012). Active squamous metaplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with subsequent acquisition of human papillomavirus 16 infection among healthy young women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206(4): 504-511.
  • Iavazzo, C., Boutas, I., Grigoriadis, C., Vrachnis, N., Salakos, N. (2012). Management of ASCUS findings in Papanicolaou smears. A retrospective study. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 33(6): 605-609.
  • Johnson, C.A., James, D., Marzan, A., Armaos, M. (2019). Cervical cancer: an overview of pathophysiology and management. In Seminars in oncology nursing (Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 166-174). WB Saunders.
  • Liontos, M., Kyriazoglou, A., Dimitriadis, I., Dimopoulos, M.A., Bamias, A. (2019). Systemic therapy in cervical cancer: 30 years in review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 137: 9-17.
  • Martin, C.M. and O’Leary, J.J. (2011). Histology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the role of biomarkers. Best practice & research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25(5): 605-615.
  • National Cancer Institute (NIH). Web sitesi. https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical. (Erişim tarihi 29.04.2023).
  • Ngoma, M. and Autier, P. (2019). Cancer prevention: cervical cancer. ecancermedicalscience, 13, 952.
  • Olusola, P., Banerjee, H.N., Philley, J.V., Dasgupta, S. (2019). Human papilloma virus-associated cervical cancer and health disparities. Cells, 8(6): 622.
  • Oyervides-Muñoz, M.A., Pérez-Maya, A.A., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, H.F., Gómez-Macias, G.S., Fajardo-Ramírez, O.R., Treviño, V., Garza-Rodríguez, M.L. (2018). Understanding the HPV integration and its progression to cervical cancer. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 61: 134-144.
  • Öztürker, C. and Sönmez, G. (2015). Endometrium ve serviks kanserlerinde görüntüleme. Trd Sem, 3: 1-11.
  • Rodríguez, A.C., Schiffman, M., Herrero, R., Hildesheim, A., Bratti, C., Sherman, M.E., Burk, R.D. (2010). Longitudinal study of human papillomavirus persistence and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3: critical role of duration of infection. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 102(5): 315-324.
  • Seoud, M., Tjalma, W.A., Ronsse, V. (2011). Cervical adenocarcinoma: moving towards better prevention. Vaccine, 29(49): 9148-9158.
  • Smith, H.O., Tiffany, M.F., Qualls, C.R., Key, C.R. (2000). The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States—a 24-year population-based study. Gynecologic Oncology, 78(2): 97-105.
  • Szymonowicz, K.A. and Chen, J. (2020). Biological and clinical aspects of HPV-related cancers. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 17(4): 864.
  • Yaslı, G. (2022). Türkiye’de Servikal Kanser Tarama Programı Saha Değerlendirmesi. Sağlık ve Toplum, 32(3): 14-22
  • Waggoner, S.E. (2003). Cervical cancer. Lancet, 361(9376): 2217-2225
  • WHO. (2022). Web sitesi. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer. Erişim tarihi 30.04.2023.
  • WHO. (2020). Web sitesi. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative. Erişim tarihi 15.04.2023.

Servikal kanser: Genel bakış

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 30.06.2023

Hilal Gökçe Nalbantoğlu Pınar Arslan

Abstract

Servikal kanser tüm önlenebilirliğine rağmen dünya çapında kadınlarda en sık teşhis edilen 4. kanser türüdür. Risk faktörleri varlığında ve yüksek riskli HPV tiplerinin kalıcı enfeksiyonu sonucunda uzun yıllar içinde gelişmektedir. HPV’ye karşı, aşı ve tarama programlarının uygulandığı gelişmiş ülkelerde insidansı yüksek oranda azalmıştır. Vakaların %90’ı gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde görülmektedir. Kalıcı HPV enfeksiyonu ilerlediğinde ve immün sistem tarafından yok edilemediğinde kanser öncesi lezyonlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kanser öncesi lezyonların invaziv kansere dönüşmesini engellemek için belirli aralıklarla tarama testleri yapılmalıdır. Servikal kanser teşhisi konulduğunda, evreleme yapılarak uygun tedavi yöntemi belirlenir. Cerrahi operasyon, kemoterapi ve radyoterapi servikal kanserin en yaygın tedavi yöntemleridir. Bu derlemede servikal kanserle ilgili genel bir bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Kanser serviks hpv servikal intraepitelyal lezyon skuamöz intraepitelyal neoplazi

References

  • Aref‐Adib, M. and Freeman‐Wang, T. (2016). Cervical cancer prevention and screening: the role of human papillomavirus testing. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 18(4): 251-263.
  • Arends, M.J., Buckley, C.H., Wells, M. (1998). Aetiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of cervical neoplasia. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 51(2): 96-103.
  • Avcı, G.A. and Bozdayı, G. (2013). Human Papillomavirus. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(3): 136-144 Aydoğdu, S.G.M. and Özsoy, Ü. (2018). Serviks kanseri ve HPV. Androloji Bülteni, 20: 25-29.
  • Balasubramaniam, S.D., Balakrishnan, V., Oon, C.E., Kaur, G. (2019). Key molecular events in cervical cancer development. Medicina, 55(7): 384.
  • Banerjee, R. and Kamrava, M. (2014). Brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer: a review. International Journal of Women's Health, 555-564.
  • Bedell, S.L., Goldstein, L.S., Goldstein, A.R., Goldstein, A.T. (2020). Cervical cancer screening: past, present, and future. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(1): 28-37.
  • Bhatla, N., Aoki, D., Sharma, D.N., Sankaranarayanan, R. (2018). Cancer of the cervix uteri. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 143: 22-36.
  • Bhatla, N., Aoki, D., Sharm, D.N., Sankaranarayanan, R. (2021). Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 155: 28-44.
  • Boulet, G., Horvath, C., Broeck, D.V., Sahebali, S., Bogers, J. (2007). Human papillomavirus: E6 and E7 oncogenes. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(11): 2006-2011.
  • Burd, E.M. (2003). Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1): 1-17.
  • Chelimo, C., Wouldes, T.A., Cameron, L.D., Elwood, J.M. (2013). Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. Journal of Infection, 66(3): 207-217.
  • Christiansen, I.K., Sandve, G.K., Schmitz, M., Dürst, M., Hovig, E. (2015). Transcriptionally active regions are the preferred targets for chromosomal HPV integration in cervical carcinogenesis. PloS One, 10(3): e0119566.
  • Chumduri, C., Gurumurthy, R.K., Berger, H., Dietrich, O., Kumar, N., Koster, S., Meyer, T.F. (2021). Opposing Wnt signals regulate cervical squamocolumnar homeostasis and emergence of metaplasia. Nature Cell Biology, 23(2): 184-197.
  • Cohen, P.A., Jhingran, A., Oaknin, A., Denny, L. (2019). Cervical cancer. The Lancet, 393(10167): 169-182.
  • Cooper, D.B., McCathran, C.E. (2022). Cervical dysplasia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Franchini, A.P.A., Iskander, B., Answer, F., Oliveri, F., Fotios, K., Panday, P., Hamid, P. (2022). The Role of Chlamydia Trachomatis in the Pathogenesis of Cervical Cancer. Cureus, 14(1).
  • Fujiwara, K., Monk, B., Devouassoux-Shisheboran, M. (2014). Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: why is it different? Current Oncology Reports, 16: 1-9.
  • GLOBOCAN. (2020). Global Cancer Observatory. https://gco.iarc.fr/ Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2023
  • Hwang, L.Y., Ma, Y., Shiboski, S.C., Farhat, S., Jonte, J., Moscicki, A.B. (2012). Active squamous metaplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with subsequent acquisition of human papillomavirus 16 infection among healthy young women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206(4): 504-511.
  • Iavazzo, C., Boutas, I., Grigoriadis, C., Vrachnis, N., Salakos, N. (2012). Management of ASCUS findings in Papanicolaou smears. A retrospective study. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 33(6): 605-609.
  • Johnson, C.A., James, D., Marzan, A., Armaos, M. (2019). Cervical cancer: an overview of pathophysiology and management. In Seminars in oncology nursing (Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 166-174). WB Saunders.
  • Liontos, M., Kyriazoglou, A., Dimitriadis, I., Dimopoulos, M.A., Bamias, A. (2019). Systemic therapy in cervical cancer: 30 years in review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 137: 9-17.
  • Martin, C.M. and O’Leary, J.J. (2011). Histology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the role of biomarkers. Best practice & research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25(5): 605-615.
  • National Cancer Institute (NIH). Web sitesi. https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical. (Erişim tarihi 29.04.2023).
  • Ngoma, M. and Autier, P. (2019). Cancer prevention: cervical cancer. ecancermedicalscience, 13, 952.
  • Olusola, P., Banerjee, H.N., Philley, J.V., Dasgupta, S. (2019). Human papilloma virus-associated cervical cancer and health disparities. Cells, 8(6): 622.
  • Oyervides-Muñoz, M.A., Pérez-Maya, A.A., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, H.F., Gómez-Macias, G.S., Fajardo-Ramírez, O.R., Treviño, V., Garza-Rodríguez, M.L. (2018). Understanding the HPV integration and its progression to cervical cancer. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 61: 134-144.
  • Öztürker, C. and Sönmez, G. (2015). Endometrium ve serviks kanserlerinde görüntüleme. Trd Sem, 3: 1-11.
  • Rodríguez, A.C., Schiffman, M., Herrero, R., Hildesheim, A., Bratti, C., Sherman, M.E., Burk, R.D. (2010). Longitudinal study of human papillomavirus persistence and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3: critical role of duration of infection. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 102(5): 315-324.
  • Seoud, M., Tjalma, W.A., Ronsse, V. (2011). Cervical adenocarcinoma: moving towards better prevention. Vaccine, 29(49): 9148-9158.
  • Smith, H.O., Tiffany, M.F., Qualls, C.R., Key, C.R. (2000). The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States—a 24-year population-based study. Gynecologic Oncology, 78(2): 97-105.
  • Szymonowicz, K.A. and Chen, J. (2020). Biological and clinical aspects of HPV-related cancers. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 17(4): 864.
  • Yaslı, G. (2022). Türkiye’de Servikal Kanser Tarama Programı Saha Değerlendirmesi. Sağlık ve Toplum, 32(3): 14-22
  • Waggoner, S.E. (2003). Cervical cancer. Lancet, 361(9376): 2217-2225
  • WHO. (2022). Web sitesi. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer. Erişim tarihi 30.04.2023.
  • WHO. (2020). Web sitesi. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative. Erişim tarihi 15.04.2023.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cellular Interactions
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Hilal Gökçe Nalbantoğlu 0000-0001-9525-1491

Pınar Arslan 0000-0001-5910-2835

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Nalbantoğlu, H. G., & Arslan, P. (2023). Servikal kanser: Genel bakış. Karatekin University Journal of Science, 2(1), 43-50.
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