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YÜKSELTİDE SPOR VE FİZYOLOJİK ETKİLERİ

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 52 - 68, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Günümüzde milyonlarca
insan farklı amaçlar doğrultusunda yükseltiye çıkmaktadırlar. Rekreasyonel
faaliyetler, yüksek irtifa tırmanışları ve sportif performansı artırmak bu
amaçlardan bazılarıdır. Yüksek irtifanın organizma üzerinde ki etkilerine
yönelik çalışmalara 1878 yılında başlanılmış ise de, yüksek irtifa konusu 1968
yılında yapılan Mexico olimpiyatları ile sporda en önemli konulardan biri
haline gelmiştir. Yüksek irtifanın en belirgin etkilerini belirlemek için 1964
Tokyo olimpiyatlarını 1968 Mexico olimpiyatları ile karşılaştırmak doğru bir
yaklaşımdır. Yükseklik arttıkça yerçekiminin etkisi azalmakta ve yükseklikte
yer çekiminin azalması anaerobik kapasite ile yapılan spor branşlarında avantaj
sağlarken, aerobik sporlar için dezavantaj teşkil etmektedir. Günümüzde dağcılık, tırmanış ve havacılık gibi
sporlara artan ilginin yanında, havacılık ve uzay ile ilgili bilimsel
çalışmaların artması, insan organizmasının yüksek irtifalardaki tepki ve
uyumlarını incelemek daha da önemli hale gelmiştir. Ayrıca spora yönelik
hazırlanma süreçlerinde, vücudun dayanıklılık performansı için oksijen taşınma
ve tüketiminin arttırılmasının önemi nedeniyle, yüksek irtifadaki
antrenmanların deniz seviyesindeki yarışmalar öncesi kullanılması yönünde de
ciddi eğilimler oluşmuştur.

Bu çalışmada ise spor
fizyolojinin daha özel bir konusu olan yükseltide spor ve fizyolojik etkilerini
incelemek amacıyla ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Adams, W.C., Bernauer EM., Dill D.B. & Bomar, J.B. (1975). Effects of equivalent sea-level and altitude training on VO2max and running performance. J. Appl Physiol;39:262- 6.
  • Altan, M., Gülyaşar, T., Mengi, M., Metin, G., Yiğit, G. & Çakar, L. (2008). Sıçanlarda Aralıklı Hipobarik Maruziyet ve Normobarik Antrenman Sürecinin Bazı Kan Parametreleri ve Doku Eser Element Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 39(1), 15-21.
  • Babul, S. & Rhodes E.C. (2000). The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports medicine. Sport Med.;30(6):395-403.
  • Baertsch, P., Mairbaurl H., Maggiorini M. & Swenson E.R. (2005). Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary oedema. J Appl Physiol;98: 1101-10.
  • Baertsch, P. & Roach R. (2001). Acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral edema. In: Hornbein T.F., Schoene, R. eds. High altitude - an exploration of human adaptation. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc;. p.731-76.
  • Başoğlu, S., Çolak, R. & Turnagöl, H. (2005). Yükseltide Performans ve Karbonhidratlar, Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16/3, pp: 157.
  • Biggs, N.C., England, B.S., Turcotte, N.J., Cook, M,R., & Williams, A,L. (2017). Effects of Simulated Altitude on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Inspiratory Fitness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 127.
  • Billaut, F., Gore C.J. & Aughey R.J. (2012). Enhancing team-sport athlete performance: is altitude training relevant? Sports Med;42(9): 751-67.
  • Boutellier, U. & Piwko, P. (1992). The respiratory system as an exercise limiting factor in normal sedentary subjects. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 64(2), 145-152.
  • Brown, J.P. & Grocott, M.P. (2013). Humans at altitude: physiology and pathophysiology. Continuing education in anaesthesia. Critical Care &Pain;13(1):17-22.
  • Burtscher, M. (2005). The Athlete at High Altitude: Performance Diminution and High Altitude Illnesses, International SportMed Journal, 6/4, pp: 215-223.
  • Crapo, R.O., Jensen, R.L., Hegewald, M.H. & Tashkin, D.P. (1999). Arterial Blood Gas Reference Values for Sea Level and an Altitude of 1,400 Meters, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 160, pp: 1525–1531.
  • Ergen, E. (Ed) (2007). Egzersiz fizyolojisi ders kitabı. Nobel yayın dağıtım. Ankara.
  • Ergen, E. & Zergeroğlu, A.M. (2002). Değişik Ortam Koşullarında Egzersiz. Egzersiz Fizyolojisi, Nobel, Ankara.
  • Eroğlu, A. (2011). Aralıklı Hipoksik Antrenmanın Elit Sporcuların Aerobik ve Anaerobik Performanslarına Etkisi. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Askeri Tıp Fakültesi. Spor Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, , Ankara.
  • Fox, E., L., R., W., Bowers And M., L., Foss (1988). The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, Saunders College Publishing New York.
  • Ganong, W. (1996). Tıbbi Fizyoloji, Cilt 1, 17. Baskı,(Çev: Türk Fizyolojik Bilimler).
  • Gore, C. J., Craig, N. P., Hahn, A. G., Rice, A. J., Bourdon, P. C. & Lawerence, S. R. (1998). Altitude Training at 2690 m Does Not Increase Total Haemoglobin Mass or Sea Level VO2max in World Champion Track Cyclists, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine in Sport, 3, pp: 156-170.
  • Groves, B. M., Reeves, J. T., Sutton, J. R., Wagner, P. D., Cymerman, A. L. L. E. N., Malconian, M. K. & Houston, C. S. (1987). Operation Everest II: elevated high-altitude pulmonary resistance unresponsive to oxygen. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(2), 521-530.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K. & Cicioğlu, İ. (2006). Spor Fizyolojisi ve Performans Ölçümü. Gazi Kitapevi Tic.Ltd.Şti., Ankara.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K. & Cicioğlu, İ. (2010). Spor fizyolojisi ve performans ölçümü. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Hackett, P.H. & Roach, R.C. (2004). High altitude cerebral edema. High Alt Med Biol;5:136-46.
  • Hackett, P.H., Yarnel,l P.R., Hill, R, Reynard. K., Hei,. J. & Mc.Cormick, J. (1998). High-altitude cerebral edema evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA;280:1920-5.
  • Hahn, A.G., Gore, C. J. & Martin, D.T. (2001). Ashenden MJ, Roberts AD, Logan PA. An Evaluation of the Concept of Living at Moderate Altitude and Training at Sea Level. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 128/4, pp: 777-89, Apr.
  • Heinicke, K., Heinicke, I., Schmidt, W. & Wolfarth, B. (2005). A Three-Week Traditional Altitude Training Increases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Biathlon Athletes, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26/5, pp: 350- 355.
  • Henderson, K.K., Clancy, R.L. & Gonzalez, N.C. (2001). Living and Training in Moderate Hypoxia Does Not Improve VO2 max More Than Living and Training in Normoxia, Journal of Applied Physiology, 90/6, pp: 2057-2062.
  • Hoppeler, H., Klossner, S. & Vogt M. (2008). Training in hypoxia and its effects on skeletal muscle tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 18(Suppl 1):38-49.
  • Katch, V. L., McArdle, W. D. & Katch, F. I. (2011). Essentials Exercise Physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4 th ed. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H. & Costill D. L. (2012). Exercise at altitude. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; p.309-29.
  • Knaupp, W., Khilnani, S., Sherwood, J., Scharf, S., & Steinberg, H. (1992). Erythropoietin response to acute normobaric hypoxia in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(3), 837-840.
  • Levine, B.D. (2003). Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 3, pp:77–193.
  • Levine, B.D., Stray-Gundersen, J. (1997). Living High-Training Low: Effect of Moderate-Altitude Acclimatization With Low-Altitude Training on Performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, pp: 102-112.
  • Maresh, C. M., Noble, B. J., Robertson, K. L., & Sime, W. E. (1983). Maximal exercise during hypobaric hypoxia (447 Torr) in moderate-altitude natives. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 15(5), 360-365.
  • Masuda, K., Okazaki, K., Kuno, S., Asano, K., Shimojo, H. & Katsuta, S. (2001). Endurance Training Under 2500 m Hypoxia Does Not Increase Myoglobin Content in Human Skeletal Muscle, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, pp: 486–490.
  • Mazzeo, R.S. (2008). Physiological responses to exercise at altitude. Sports Med; 38(1):1-8.
  • McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V .L. (1991). Exercise Physiology, Üçüncü Basım, Lea & Febiger Baskısı.
  • McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise Physiology, Lippincolt Williams and Wilkins, United States of America.
  • Mellerowicz, H., Meller, W., Woweries, J., Zerdick, J., Kentusinh, O., Kraal, B., & Heepe, W. (1970). Vergleichende untersuchungen über wirkungen von höhentraining auf die dauerleistung in meereshöhe. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin, 21, 207-40.
  • Nagashima, K., Mack, G. W., Haskell, A., Nishiyasu, T. & Nadel, E. R. (1999). Mechanism for the Posture-Specific Plasma Volume Increase After a Single Intense Exercise Protocol, Journal of Applied Physiology, 86/3, pp: 867 873.
  • Porcari, J. P., Probst, L., Forrester, K., Doberstein, S., Foster, C., Cress, M. L. & Schmidt, K. (2016). Effect of Wearing the Elevation Training Mask on Aerobic Capacity, Lung Function, and Hematological Variables. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(2), 379.
  • Robergs, R.A. & Roberts, S.O. (1997). Exercise in extreme environments, exercise physiology, exercise performance and clinical applications. St. Louis, Mosby;26:640-653.
  • Rusko, H., Tikkanen, H. & Peltonen, J. (2004). Altitude and Endurance Training, Journal of Sport Sciences, 22/10, pp: 928-945.
  • Sawka, M. N., Convertino, V. A., Eichner, E. R., Schneider, S. M. & Young, A. J. (2000). A Blood Volume: Importance and Adaptations to Exercise Training, Environmental Stresses, and Trauma/Sickness, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, pp: 332–348.
  • Schoene, R. B., Roach, R. C., Hackett, P. H., Sutton, J. R., Cymerman, A., & Houston, C. S. (1990). Operation Everest II: ventilatory adaptation during gradual decompression to extreme altitude. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 22(6), 804-810.
  • Siebenmann, C., Robach, P., Jacobs, R. A., Rasmussen, P., Nordsborg, N., Diaz, V. & Lundby, C. (2011). “Live high–train low” using normobaric hypoxia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Journal of applied physiology, 112(1), 106-117.
  • Skinner, J. S. (2005). Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States of America.
  • Şekir, U. (2016). Yükseltide Spor ve Sportif Performans. Turkiye Klinikleri Sports Medicine-Special Topics, 2(1), 19-31.
  • Truijens, M. J., Toussaint, H. M., Dow, J. & Levine, B.D. (2003). Effect of high-intensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances. J Appl Physiol;94:733-43.
  • Vogth, M. & Hoppeler, H. (2010). Hypoxia training good for muscles and exercise performance? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases; ss;52:525-33.
  • Vogth, M., Puntschart, A., Geiser, J., Zuleger, C., Billeter, R. & Hoppeler, H. (2001). Molecular Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle to Endurance Training Under Simulated Hypoxic Conditions, Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, pp: 173-82.
  • Wagner, P. D. (2000). Reduced maximal cardiac output at altitude: mechanisms and significance. Respir Physiol;120:1-11.
  • Wagner, P. D., Sutton, J. R., Reeves, J. T., Cymerman, A., Groves, B. M., & Malconian, M. K. (1987). Operation Everest II: pulmonary gas exchange during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(6), 2348-2359.
  • Wehrlin, J. P. & Hallen, J. (2006). Linear decrease in VO2 max and performance with increasing altitude in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol;96:404-12.
  • Wehrlin, J. P., Zuest, P., Hallen, J. & Marti, B. (2006). Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol; 100: 1938-45.
  • Weil, W. M., Glassner, P. J., & Bosco, J .A. (2007). High-altitude illness and muscle physiology. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases;65(1):72-7.
  • Windsor J. S. & Rodway, G.W. (2007). Heights and haematology: the story of haemoglobin at altitude. Postgraduate Medical Journal ;83: 148-51.
  • Wolfel, E. E., Groves, B. M., Brooks, G. A., Butterfield, G. E., Mazzeo, R. S., Moore, L. G. & McCullough, R. E. (1991). Oxygen transport during steady-state submaximal exercise in chronic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70(3), 1129-1136.
  • Wright, A.D. (2006). Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society. Medicine at high altitude. Clin Med, 6, 604-608.
Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 52 - 68, 30.12.2019

Abstract

References

  • Adams, W.C., Bernauer EM., Dill D.B. & Bomar, J.B. (1975). Effects of equivalent sea-level and altitude training on VO2max and running performance. J. Appl Physiol;39:262- 6.
  • Altan, M., Gülyaşar, T., Mengi, M., Metin, G., Yiğit, G. & Çakar, L. (2008). Sıçanlarda Aralıklı Hipobarik Maruziyet ve Normobarik Antrenman Sürecinin Bazı Kan Parametreleri ve Doku Eser Element Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 39(1), 15-21.
  • Babul, S. & Rhodes E.C. (2000). The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports medicine. Sport Med.;30(6):395-403.
  • Baertsch, P., Mairbaurl H., Maggiorini M. & Swenson E.R. (2005). Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary oedema. J Appl Physiol;98: 1101-10.
  • Baertsch, P. & Roach R. (2001). Acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral edema. In: Hornbein T.F., Schoene, R. eds. High altitude - an exploration of human adaptation. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc;. p.731-76.
  • Başoğlu, S., Çolak, R. & Turnagöl, H. (2005). Yükseltide Performans ve Karbonhidratlar, Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16/3, pp: 157.
  • Biggs, N.C., England, B.S., Turcotte, N.J., Cook, M,R., & Williams, A,L. (2017). Effects of Simulated Altitude on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Inspiratory Fitness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 127.
  • Billaut, F., Gore C.J. & Aughey R.J. (2012). Enhancing team-sport athlete performance: is altitude training relevant? Sports Med;42(9): 751-67.
  • Boutellier, U. & Piwko, P. (1992). The respiratory system as an exercise limiting factor in normal sedentary subjects. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 64(2), 145-152.
  • Brown, J.P. & Grocott, M.P. (2013). Humans at altitude: physiology and pathophysiology. Continuing education in anaesthesia. Critical Care &Pain;13(1):17-22.
  • Burtscher, M. (2005). The Athlete at High Altitude: Performance Diminution and High Altitude Illnesses, International SportMed Journal, 6/4, pp: 215-223.
  • Crapo, R.O., Jensen, R.L., Hegewald, M.H. & Tashkin, D.P. (1999). Arterial Blood Gas Reference Values for Sea Level and an Altitude of 1,400 Meters, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 160, pp: 1525–1531.
  • Ergen, E. (Ed) (2007). Egzersiz fizyolojisi ders kitabı. Nobel yayın dağıtım. Ankara.
  • Ergen, E. & Zergeroğlu, A.M. (2002). Değişik Ortam Koşullarında Egzersiz. Egzersiz Fizyolojisi, Nobel, Ankara.
  • Eroğlu, A. (2011). Aralıklı Hipoksik Antrenmanın Elit Sporcuların Aerobik ve Anaerobik Performanslarına Etkisi. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Askeri Tıp Fakültesi. Spor Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, , Ankara.
  • Fox, E., L., R., W., Bowers And M., L., Foss (1988). The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, Saunders College Publishing New York.
  • Ganong, W. (1996). Tıbbi Fizyoloji, Cilt 1, 17. Baskı,(Çev: Türk Fizyolojik Bilimler).
  • Gore, C. J., Craig, N. P., Hahn, A. G., Rice, A. J., Bourdon, P. C. & Lawerence, S. R. (1998). Altitude Training at 2690 m Does Not Increase Total Haemoglobin Mass or Sea Level VO2max in World Champion Track Cyclists, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine in Sport, 3, pp: 156-170.
  • Groves, B. M., Reeves, J. T., Sutton, J. R., Wagner, P. D., Cymerman, A. L. L. E. N., Malconian, M. K. & Houston, C. S. (1987). Operation Everest II: elevated high-altitude pulmonary resistance unresponsive to oxygen. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(2), 521-530.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K. & Cicioğlu, İ. (2006). Spor Fizyolojisi ve Performans Ölçümü. Gazi Kitapevi Tic.Ltd.Şti., Ankara.
  • Günay, M., Tamer, K. & Cicioğlu, İ. (2010). Spor fizyolojisi ve performans ölçümü. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Hackett, P.H. & Roach, R.C. (2004). High altitude cerebral edema. High Alt Med Biol;5:136-46.
  • Hackett, P.H., Yarnel,l P.R., Hill, R, Reynard. K., Hei,. J. & Mc.Cormick, J. (1998). High-altitude cerebral edema evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA;280:1920-5.
  • Hahn, A.G., Gore, C. J. & Martin, D.T. (2001). Ashenden MJ, Roberts AD, Logan PA. An Evaluation of the Concept of Living at Moderate Altitude and Training at Sea Level. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 128/4, pp: 777-89, Apr.
  • Heinicke, K., Heinicke, I., Schmidt, W. & Wolfarth, B. (2005). A Three-Week Traditional Altitude Training Increases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Biathlon Athletes, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26/5, pp: 350- 355.
  • Henderson, K.K., Clancy, R.L. & Gonzalez, N.C. (2001). Living and Training in Moderate Hypoxia Does Not Improve VO2 max More Than Living and Training in Normoxia, Journal of Applied Physiology, 90/6, pp: 2057-2062.
  • Hoppeler, H., Klossner, S. & Vogt M. (2008). Training in hypoxia and its effects on skeletal muscle tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 18(Suppl 1):38-49.
  • Katch, V. L., McArdle, W. D. & Katch, F. I. (2011). Essentials Exercise Physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4 th ed. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H. & Costill D. L. (2012). Exercise at altitude. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; p.309-29.
  • Knaupp, W., Khilnani, S., Sherwood, J., Scharf, S., & Steinberg, H. (1992). Erythropoietin response to acute normobaric hypoxia in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(3), 837-840.
  • Levine, B.D. (2003). Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 3, pp:77–193.
  • Levine, B.D., Stray-Gundersen, J. (1997). Living High-Training Low: Effect of Moderate-Altitude Acclimatization With Low-Altitude Training on Performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, pp: 102-112.
  • Maresh, C. M., Noble, B. J., Robertson, K. L., & Sime, W. E. (1983). Maximal exercise during hypobaric hypoxia (447 Torr) in moderate-altitude natives. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 15(5), 360-365.
  • Masuda, K., Okazaki, K., Kuno, S., Asano, K., Shimojo, H. & Katsuta, S. (2001). Endurance Training Under 2500 m Hypoxia Does Not Increase Myoglobin Content in Human Skeletal Muscle, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, pp: 486–490.
  • Mazzeo, R.S. (2008). Physiological responses to exercise at altitude. Sports Med; 38(1):1-8.
  • McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V .L. (1991). Exercise Physiology, Üçüncü Basım, Lea & Febiger Baskısı.
  • McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise Physiology, Lippincolt Williams and Wilkins, United States of America.
  • Mellerowicz, H., Meller, W., Woweries, J., Zerdick, J., Kentusinh, O., Kraal, B., & Heepe, W. (1970). Vergleichende untersuchungen über wirkungen von höhentraining auf die dauerleistung in meereshöhe. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin, 21, 207-40.
  • Nagashima, K., Mack, G. W., Haskell, A., Nishiyasu, T. & Nadel, E. R. (1999). Mechanism for the Posture-Specific Plasma Volume Increase After a Single Intense Exercise Protocol, Journal of Applied Physiology, 86/3, pp: 867 873.
  • Porcari, J. P., Probst, L., Forrester, K., Doberstein, S., Foster, C., Cress, M. L. & Schmidt, K. (2016). Effect of Wearing the Elevation Training Mask on Aerobic Capacity, Lung Function, and Hematological Variables. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(2), 379.
  • Robergs, R.A. & Roberts, S.O. (1997). Exercise in extreme environments, exercise physiology, exercise performance and clinical applications. St. Louis, Mosby;26:640-653.
  • Rusko, H., Tikkanen, H. & Peltonen, J. (2004). Altitude and Endurance Training, Journal of Sport Sciences, 22/10, pp: 928-945.
  • Sawka, M. N., Convertino, V. A., Eichner, E. R., Schneider, S. M. & Young, A. J. (2000). A Blood Volume: Importance and Adaptations to Exercise Training, Environmental Stresses, and Trauma/Sickness, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, pp: 332–348.
  • Schoene, R. B., Roach, R. C., Hackett, P. H., Sutton, J. R., Cymerman, A., & Houston, C. S. (1990). Operation Everest II: ventilatory adaptation during gradual decompression to extreme altitude. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 22(6), 804-810.
  • Siebenmann, C., Robach, P., Jacobs, R. A., Rasmussen, P., Nordsborg, N., Diaz, V. & Lundby, C. (2011). “Live high–train low” using normobaric hypoxia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Journal of applied physiology, 112(1), 106-117.
  • Skinner, J. S. (2005). Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States of America.
  • Şekir, U. (2016). Yükseltide Spor ve Sportif Performans. Turkiye Klinikleri Sports Medicine-Special Topics, 2(1), 19-31.
  • Truijens, M. J., Toussaint, H. M., Dow, J. & Levine, B.D. (2003). Effect of high-intensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances. J Appl Physiol;94:733-43.
  • Vogth, M. & Hoppeler, H. (2010). Hypoxia training good for muscles and exercise performance? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases; ss;52:525-33.
  • Vogth, M., Puntschart, A., Geiser, J., Zuleger, C., Billeter, R. & Hoppeler, H. (2001). Molecular Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle to Endurance Training Under Simulated Hypoxic Conditions, Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, pp: 173-82.
  • Wagner, P. D. (2000). Reduced maximal cardiac output at altitude: mechanisms and significance. Respir Physiol;120:1-11.
  • Wagner, P. D., Sutton, J. R., Reeves, J. T., Cymerman, A., Groves, B. M., & Malconian, M. K. (1987). Operation Everest II: pulmonary gas exchange during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(6), 2348-2359.
  • Wehrlin, J. P. & Hallen, J. (2006). Linear decrease in VO2 max and performance with increasing altitude in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol;96:404-12.
  • Wehrlin, J. P., Zuest, P., Hallen, J. & Marti, B. (2006). Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol; 100: 1938-45.
  • Weil, W. M., Glassner, P. J., & Bosco, J .A. (2007). High-altitude illness and muscle physiology. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases;65(1):72-7.
  • Windsor J. S. & Rodway, G.W. (2007). Heights and haematology: the story of haemoglobin at altitude. Postgraduate Medical Journal ;83: 148-51.
  • Wolfel, E. E., Groves, B. M., Brooks, G. A., Butterfield, G. E., Mazzeo, R. S., Moore, L. G. & McCullough, R. E. (1991). Oxygen transport during steady-state submaximal exercise in chronic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70(3), 1129-1136.
  • Wright, A.D. (2006). Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society. Medicine at high altitude. Clin Med, 6, 604-608.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yusuf Buzdağlı 0000-0003-1809-5194

Mitat Koz 0000-0002-5793-6999

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Acceptance Date December 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 21 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Buzdağlı, Y., & Koz, M. (2019). YÜKSELTİDE SPOR VE FİZYOLOJİK ETKİLERİ. Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(4), 52-68.