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VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS

Year 2017, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 154 - 169, 16.07.2017

Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea is home to numerous species of both native and invasive jellyfish. Research on the biology, ecology, and toxicology of jellyfish has been increasing in recent years in the Mediterranean re-gion, largely because of the extreme increases in coastal areas. Recent research focus has been on the adverse effects of the venoms of foreign jellyfish species that enter the Mediterranean Sea due to global warm-ing and maritime transport. Although most venoms are harmless, the venoms of some species may cause local effects, including immediate and delayed inflammatory–allergic responses (pain, swelling, itching, and localized erythema due to skin contact with nematocysts). Some venoms may cause systemic reactions involving acute and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions, respiratory distress, angioedema, and anaphylactic shock, especially in atopic individuals and depending on the amount of venom that is being exposed. This review presents brief information about the morphology and ecology of the jellyfish species found in the coastal areas of Turkey. In addition, the clinical, therapeu-tic, and preventive aspects of the injuries caused by jellyfish, focusing on first aid measures and treatments, are summarized.

References

  • Adkins, C., (2015). Corticosteroids and Steroid Therapy: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical. ISBN 1634823087. Al-Rubiay, K., Al-Musaoi, H., Alrubaiy, L., Al-Freje, M., (2009). Skin and systemic manifestations of jellyfish stings in Iraqi fishermen, Libyan Journal of Medicine, 4(2), 96-99. Auerbach, P.S., (1991). Marine envenomations, The New England Journal of Medicine, 325(7), 486-493. Auerbach, P.S., (1997). Envenomations from jellyfish and related species, Journal of Emergency Nursing, 23(6), 555–568. Avşar, D., Çevik, C., Türeli, C., (1996). İskenderun Körfezi için yeni bir tür olan Rhopilema nomadica’nın biyometrisi ve Yumurtalık Koyu’ndaki bulunurluğu, XIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 476-486, İstanbul. Bingel, F., Avşar, D., Gücü, A.C., (1991). Occurrence of jellyfish in Mersin Bay. In Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series, No. 47. UNEP, 65-71, Athens, Greece. Birsa, L.M., Verity, P.G., Lee, R.F., (2010). Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &Pharmacology, 151(4), 426-430. Blandina, P., Passani, M.B., (2016). Histamine Receptors: Preclinical and Clinical Aspects. Italy: Humana Press. ISBN 978-3-319-40306-9. Burnett, J.W., Weinrich, D., Williamson, J.A., Fenner, P.J., Lutz, L.L., Bloom, D.A., (1998). Autonomic neurotoxicity of jellyfish and marine animal venoms, Clinical Autonomic Research, 8(2), 125-130. Carli, A., Mariottini, G.L., Pane, L., (1995). Ecological and medical aspects of jellyfish poisoning. In Epidemiological studies related to the environmental quality criteria for bathing waters, shellfish-growing waters and edible marine organisms, MAP Tech. Rep. Ser., No. 93. UNEP, 1-21, Athens, Greece. Cegolon, L., Heymann, W.C., Lange, J.H., Mastrangelo, G., (2013). Jellyfish stings and their management: a review, Marine Drugs, 11(2), 523-550. Deidun, A., Arrigo, S., Piraino, S., (2011). The westernmost record of Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) in the Mediterranean–off the Maltese Islands, Aquatic Invasions, 6(S1), S99-S103. Del Negro, P.; Kokelj, F.; Avian, M.; Rottini-Sandrini, L.; Rottini, G.D. Toxic property of the jellyfish Chrysaora hysoscella: preliminary report. Rev. Int. Océanogr. Méd. 1991, 101–104, 168–171. Fautin, D.G., (2009). Structural diversity, systematics, and evolution of cnidae, Toxicon, 54(8), 1054-1064. Fuentes, V., Straehler-Pohl, I., Atienza, D., Franco, I., Tilves, U., Gentile, M., Acevedo, M., Olariaga, A., Gili., J.M., (2011). Life cycle of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) and its distribution, seasonality and inter-annual variability along the Catalan coast and the Mar Menor (Spain, NW Mediterranean), Marine Biology, 158, 2247-2266. Galil, B.S., Spanier, E., Ferguson, W.W., (1990). The Scyphomedusae of the Mediterranean coast of Israel, including two Lessepsian migrants new to the Mediterranean, Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 64(7) 95-105. Gülşahin, N., Tarkan, A.N., (2011). The first confirmed record of the alien jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) from the southern Aegean coast of Turkey, Aquatic Invasions Records, 6(S1), S95-S97. Gülşahin, N., Tarkan, A.N., (2012). Occurrence of the alien jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) in Hisarönü Bay, Muğla, Turkey. Biharean Biologist 6, 132-133. İnanmaz, Ö.E., Bekbölet, M., Kıdeyş, A.E., (2002). New scyphozoan species in the Sea of Marmara: Chrysaora hysoscella, 2nd International Conference Oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea, METU, 857-859, Ankara, Turkey. Isinibilir, M., 2012. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of gelatinous macrozooplankton in Izmit Bay (the northeastern Marmara Sea). Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 18, 155-176. İşinibilir, M., Yılmaz, İ.N., (2017). Jellyfish dynamics and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences in Turkish Seas. In: G.L. Mariottini (Ed.), Jellyfish: Ecology, Distribution Patterns and Human Interactions (pp. 51-70). New York, NY: Nova Publishers, Kıdeyş, A.E., Gücü, A.C., (1995). Rhopilema nomadica: A Lessepsian scyphomedusan new to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Israel Journal of Zoology, 41, 615-617. Kokelj, F., Burnett, J.W., (1988). Reazioni inusuali indotte dal contatto con la medusa Pelagia noctiluca. G., Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 123, 501–503. Kokelj, F., Burnett, J.W., (1990). Treatment of a pigmented lesion induced by a Pelagia noctiluca sting, Cutis, 46(1), 62-64. Kokelj, F., Brutto, R.L., Boccucci, N., (1999). Epidemiological study of human injuries following jellyfish stings in the Gulf of Trieste, Contact Dermatitis, 41(6), 349-350. Kokelj, F., Plozzer, C., (2002), Irritant contact dermatitis from the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo, Contact Dermatitis, 46(3), 179-180. Lakkis, N.A., Maalouf, G.J., Mahmassani, D.M., (2015). Jellyfish Stings: A Practical Approach, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 26(3), 422-429. Lanas, A., (2016). NSAIDs and Aspirin: Recent Advances and Implications for Clinical Management. Spain: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-33887-3. Lotan, A., Ben-Hillel, R, Loya, Y., (1992), Life cycle of Rhopilema nomadica: a new immigrant scyphomedusan in the Mediterranean, Marine Biology, 112(2), 237-242. Lotan, A., Fishman, L., Zlotkin, E., (1996). Toxin compartmentation and delivery in the Cnidaria: the nematocyst's tubule as a multiheaded poisonous arrow, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 275(6), 444-451. Mariottini, G.L., Giacco, E., Pane, L., (2008). The mauve stinger Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775). Distribution, ecology, toxicity and epidemiology of stings. A review, Marine Drugs, 6(3), 496-513. Mariottini, G.L., Pane, L., (2010). Mediterranean jellyfish venoms: A review on scyphomedusae, Marine Drugs, 8(4), 1122-1152. Montgomery, L., Seys, J., Mees, J., (2016). To Pee, or Not to Pee: A Review on Envenomation and Treatment in European Jellyfish Species, Marine Drugs, 14(7), pii: E127. doi: 10.3390/md14070127. Mutlu, E., (2001). Distribution and abundance of moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) and its zooplankton food in the Black Sea, Marine Biology, 138(2), 329-339. Özel, İ., (2003). Planktonoloji II. Denizel Zooplankton, Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, 49, 1-267. Özer, N.P., Celikkale, M.S., (1998). Seasonal occurrence of jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778) in the Black Sea. FISHECO’98 First International Symposium on Fisheries and Ecology Proceedings, 358-361, Trabzon, Turkey. Öztürk, B., Ünsal, N., Şener, E., Altuğ, G., Aktan, Y., Güven, E., Topaloğlu, B., Keskin, Ç., İşinibilir, M., Çardak, M., Eryalçın, K.M., Çiftçi, P.S., (2006). Muğla İlinde Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği Açısından Hassas Alanlar ile Yeni Yetiştiricilik Alanlarının Belirlenerek Kirlenme Parametrelerinin İzlenmesi Projesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 1. Rapor. Özgür, E., Öztürk, B., 2015. The new location record of Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) from Asin Bay, Gulf of Güllük, Muğla, Aegean coast of Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 21, 96-101. Öztürk, B., İşinibilir, M., (2010). An alien jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica and its impacts to the eastern Mediterranean part of Turkey, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 16(2), 149- 156. Russell, F.S., (1970). The medusae of the British Isles. II, (pp. 1-325), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Russo, A.J., Calton, G.J., Burnett, J. W., (1983). The relationship of the possible allergic response to jellyfish envenomation and serum antibody titers, Toxicon, 21(4), 475–480. Saadatniaki, A., (2012). Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics. Croatia: InTech. ISBN 9789535104308. Schembri, P.J., Deidun, A., Vella, P.J., (2010). First record of Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) from the central Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biodiversity Records 3, 1-2. Silfen, R., Vilan, A., Wohl, I., Leviav, A., (2003). Mediterranean jellyfish (Rhopilema nomadica) sting, Burns, 29(8), 868-870. Theoharides, T.C., (1983). Mast cell secretion: basis for jellyfish poisoning and prospects for relief. In Workshop on Jellyfish Blooms in the Mediterranean, 63-73, Athens, Greece. Üstünes, L. (Ed.), (2017). Rx MediaPharma İnteraktif İlaç Bilgi Kaynağı. İzmir:Gemaş. Yilmaz, I.N., İşinibilir, M., Vardar, D., Dursun, F., (2017). First record of Aequorea vitrina Gosse, 1853 (Hydrozoa) from the Sea of Marmara: a potential invader for the Mediterranean Sea, Zoology in the Middle East, 63, 1-3. Yahia, D., Goy, J., Daly Yahia-Kéfi, O., (2003). Distribution et écologie des méduses (Cnidaria) du golfe de Tunis (Méditerranée sud occidentale), Oceanologica Acta, 26, 645-655. Yahia, M.N.D., Yahia, O.K.D., Gueroun, S.K.M., Aissi, M., Deidun, A., Fuentes, V., Piraino, S. (2013). The invasive tropical scyphozoan Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) reaches the Tunisian coast of the Mediterranean Sea. BioInvasions Records, 2(4), 319-323.

TÜRKİYE DENİZLERİNDE ZEHİRLİ DENİZANALARI VE TOKSİK ETKİLERİ

Year 2017, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 154 - 169, 16.07.2017

Abstract

Akdeniz, hem yerli hem de yabancı çeşitli denizanası türlerine ev sa-hipliği yapmaktadır. Son yıllarda, çoğunlukla kıyı bölgelerimizde mey-dana gelen aşırı artışlara bağlı olarak, Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde denizanası biyolojisi, ekolojisi ve toksikolojisi üzerine yapılan araştırmalar da art-mıştır. Yakın zamanda, küresel ısınma ve deniz taşımacılığı gibi sebe-plerle Akdeniz’e giren yabancı denizanası türlerinin içerdiği zehirlerin, insanlar üzerindeki istenmeyen etkileri son dönemdeki çalışmaların ilgi odağı olmuştur. Çoğu zararsız olmakla birlikte, bazı türler lokal olarak akut ve bazen de gecikmiş tipte enflamatuvar-allerjik yanıta (ağrı, şişme, kaşıntı ve nematosistlerle temas eden bölgede lokalize eritem) yol açabilmektedirler. Bazı durumlarda, özellikle atopik bireylerde veya maruz kalınan zehirin miktarına bağlı olarak, akut ve gecikmiş tipte aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonları, solunum güçlüğü, anjiyoödem ve anafilaktik şok gibi sistemik reaksiyonlar oluşabilmektedir. Bu derlem-ede, Türkiye’nin kıyı sularında bulunan denizanası türleri ele alınarak, bu türlerin morfolojileri ve ekolojileri hakkında kısa bilgiler verilmiştir. Ek olarak, bu organizmaların insanda neden olduğu lokal ve sistemik toksik etkiler ile bu organizmalara maruziyet durumunda yapılacak acil müdahaleler, klinik, terapötik ve önleyici tedbirler açısından gözden geçirilerek sunulmuştur.

References

  • Adkins, C., (2015). Corticosteroids and Steroid Therapy: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical. ISBN 1634823087. Al-Rubiay, K., Al-Musaoi, H., Alrubaiy, L., Al-Freje, M., (2009). Skin and systemic manifestations of jellyfish stings in Iraqi fishermen, Libyan Journal of Medicine, 4(2), 96-99. Auerbach, P.S., (1991). Marine envenomations, The New England Journal of Medicine, 325(7), 486-493. Auerbach, P.S., (1997). Envenomations from jellyfish and related species, Journal of Emergency Nursing, 23(6), 555–568. Avşar, D., Çevik, C., Türeli, C., (1996). İskenderun Körfezi için yeni bir tür olan Rhopilema nomadica’nın biyometrisi ve Yumurtalık Koyu’ndaki bulunurluğu, XIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 476-486, İstanbul. Bingel, F., Avşar, D., Gücü, A.C., (1991). Occurrence of jellyfish in Mersin Bay. In Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series, No. 47. UNEP, 65-71, Athens, Greece. Birsa, L.M., Verity, P.G., Lee, R.F., (2010). Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &Pharmacology, 151(4), 426-430. Blandina, P., Passani, M.B., (2016). Histamine Receptors: Preclinical and Clinical Aspects. Italy: Humana Press. ISBN 978-3-319-40306-9. Burnett, J.W., Weinrich, D., Williamson, J.A., Fenner, P.J., Lutz, L.L., Bloom, D.A., (1998). Autonomic neurotoxicity of jellyfish and marine animal venoms, Clinical Autonomic Research, 8(2), 125-130. Carli, A., Mariottini, G.L., Pane, L., (1995). Ecological and medical aspects of jellyfish poisoning. In Epidemiological studies related to the environmental quality criteria for bathing waters, shellfish-growing waters and edible marine organisms, MAP Tech. Rep. Ser., No. 93. UNEP, 1-21, Athens, Greece. Cegolon, L., Heymann, W.C., Lange, J.H., Mastrangelo, G., (2013). Jellyfish stings and their management: a review, Marine Drugs, 11(2), 523-550. Deidun, A., Arrigo, S., Piraino, S., (2011). The westernmost record of Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) in the Mediterranean–off the Maltese Islands, Aquatic Invasions, 6(S1), S99-S103. Del Negro, P.; Kokelj, F.; Avian, M.; Rottini-Sandrini, L.; Rottini, G.D. Toxic property of the jellyfish Chrysaora hysoscella: preliminary report. Rev. Int. Océanogr. Méd. 1991, 101–104, 168–171. Fautin, D.G., (2009). Structural diversity, systematics, and evolution of cnidae, Toxicon, 54(8), 1054-1064. Fuentes, V., Straehler-Pohl, I., Atienza, D., Franco, I., Tilves, U., Gentile, M., Acevedo, M., Olariaga, A., Gili., J.M., (2011). Life cycle of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) and its distribution, seasonality and inter-annual variability along the Catalan coast and the Mar Menor (Spain, NW Mediterranean), Marine Biology, 158, 2247-2266. Galil, B.S., Spanier, E., Ferguson, W.W., (1990). The Scyphomedusae of the Mediterranean coast of Israel, including two Lessepsian migrants new to the Mediterranean, Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 64(7) 95-105. Gülşahin, N., Tarkan, A.N., (2011). The first confirmed record of the alien jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) from the southern Aegean coast of Turkey, Aquatic Invasions Records, 6(S1), S95-S97. Gülşahin, N., Tarkan, A.N., (2012). Occurrence of the alien jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) in Hisarönü Bay, Muğla, Turkey. Biharean Biologist 6, 132-133. İnanmaz, Ö.E., Bekbölet, M., Kıdeyş, A.E., (2002). New scyphozoan species in the Sea of Marmara: Chrysaora hysoscella, 2nd International Conference Oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea, METU, 857-859, Ankara, Turkey. Isinibilir, M., 2012. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of gelatinous macrozooplankton in Izmit Bay (the northeastern Marmara Sea). Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 18, 155-176. İşinibilir, M., Yılmaz, İ.N., (2017). Jellyfish dynamics and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences in Turkish Seas. In: G.L. Mariottini (Ed.), Jellyfish: Ecology, Distribution Patterns and Human Interactions (pp. 51-70). New York, NY: Nova Publishers, Kıdeyş, A.E., Gücü, A.C., (1995). Rhopilema nomadica: A Lessepsian scyphomedusan new to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Israel Journal of Zoology, 41, 615-617. Kokelj, F., Burnett, J.W., (1988). Reazioni inusuali indotte dal contatto con la medusa Pelagia noctiluca. G., Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 123, 501–503. Kokelj, F., Burnett, J.W., (1990). Treatment of a pigmented lesion induced by a Pelagia noctiluca sting, Cutis, 46(1), 62-64. Kokelj, F., Brutto, R.L., Boccucci, N., (1999). Epidemiological study of human injuries following jellyfish stings in the Gulf of Trieste, Contact Dermatitis, 41(6), 349-350. Kokelj, F., Plozzer, C., (2002), Irritant contact dermatitis from the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo, Contact Dermatitis, 46(3), 179-180. Lakkis, N.A., Maalouf, G.J., Mahmassani, D.M., (2015). Jellyfish Stings: A Practical Approach, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 26(3), 422-429. Lanas, A., (2016). NSAIDs and Aspirin: Recent Advances and Implications for Clinical Management. Spain: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-33887-3. Lotan, A., Ben-Hillel, R, Loya, Y., (1992), Life cycle of Rhopilema nomadica: a new immigrant scyphomedusan in the Mediterranean, Marine Biology, 112(2), 237-242. Lotan, A., Fishman, L., Zlotkin, E., (1996). Toxin compartmentation and delivery in the Cnidaria: the nematocyst's tubule as a multiheaded poisonous arrow, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 275(6), 444-451. Mariottini, G.L., Giacco, E., Pane, L., (2008). The mauve stinger Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775). Distribution, ecology, toxicity and epidemiology of stings. A review, Marine Drugs, 6(3), 496-513. Mariottini, G.L., Pane, L., (2010). Mediterranean jellyfish venoms: A review on scyphomedusae, Marine Drugs, 8(4), 1122-1152. Montgomery, L., Seys, J., Mees, J., (2016). To Pee, or Not to Pee: A Review on Envenomation and Treatment in European Jellyfish Species, Marine Drugs, 14(7), pii: E127. doi: 10.3390/md14070127. Mutlu, E., (2001). Distribution and abundance of moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) and its zooplankton food in the Black Sea, Marine Biology, 138(2), 329-339. Özel, İ., (2003). Planktonoloji II. Denizel Zooplankton, Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, 49, 1-267. Özer, N.P., Celikkale, M.S., (1998). Seasonal occurrence of jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778) in the Black Sea. FISHECO’98 First International Symposium on Fisheries and Ecology Proceedings, 358-361, Trabzon, Turkey. Öztürk, B., Ünsal, N., Şener, E., Altuğ, G., Aktan, Y., Güven, E., Topaloğlu, B., Keskin, Ç., İşinibilir, M., Çardak, M., Eryalçın, K.M., Çiftçi, P.S., (2006). Muğla İlinde Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği Açısından Hassas Alanlar ile Yeni Yetiştiricilik Alanlarının Belirlenerek Kirlenme Parametrelerinin İzlenmesi Projesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 1. Rapor. Özgür, E., Öztürk, B., 2015. The new location record of Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) from Asin Bay, Gulf of Güllük, Muğla, Aegean coast of Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 21, 96-101. Öztürk, B., İşinibilir, M., (2010). An alien jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica and its impacts to the eastern Mediterranean part of Turkey, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 16(2), 149- 156. Russell, F.S., (1970). The medusae of the British Isles. II, (pp. 1-325), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Russo, A.J., Calton, G.J., Burnett, J. W., (1983). The relationship of the possible allergic response to jellyfish envenomation and serum antibody titers, Toxicon, 21(4), 475–480. Saadatniaki, A., (2012). Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics. Croatia: InTech. ISBN 9789535104308. Schembri, P.J., Deidun, A., Vella, P.J., (2010). First record of Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) from the central Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biodiversity Records 3, 1-2. Silfen, R., Vilan, A., Wohl, I., Leviav, A., (2003). Mediterranean jellyfish (Rhopilema nomadica) sting, Burns, 29(8), 868-870. Theoharides, T.C., (1983). Mast cell secretion: basis for jellyfish poisoning and prospects for relief. In Workshop on Jellyfish Blooms in the Mediterranean, 63-73, Athens, Greece. Üstünes, L. (Ed.), (2017). Rx MediaPharma İnteraktif İlaç Bilgi Kaynağı. İzmir:Gemaş. Yilmaz, I.N., İşinibilir, M., Vardar, D., Dursun, F., (2017). First record of Aequorea vitrina Gosse, 1853 (Hydrozoa) from the Sea of Marmara: a potential invader for the Mediterranean Sea, Zoology in the Middle East, 63, 1-3. Yahia, D., Goy, J., Daly Yahia-Kéfi, O., (2003). Distribution et écologie des méduses (Cnidaria) du golfe de Tunis (Méditerranée sud occidentale), Oceanologica Acta, 26, 645-655. Yahia, M.N.D., Yahia, O.K.D., Gueroun, S.K.M., Aissi, M., Deidun, A., Fuentes, V., Piraino, S. (2013). The invasive tropical scyphozoan Rhopilema nomadica (Galil, 1990) reaches the Tunisian coast of the Mediterranean Sea. BioInvasions Records, 2(4), 319-323.
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Journal Section Articles
Authors

Melek İşinibilir 0000-0002-1200-6878

Alper Okyar This is me 0000-0002-9891-5588

Narin Öztürk This is me 0000-0003-4594-4251

Publication Date July 16, 2017
Submission Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İşinibilir, M., Okyar, A., & Öztürk, N. (2017). VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 32(3), 154-169.
AMA İşinibilir M, Okyar A, Öztürk N. VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS. Aqua Sci Eng. July 2017;32(3):154-169.
Chicago İşinibilir, Melek, Alper Okyar, and Narin Öztürk. “VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32, no. 3 (July 2017): 154-69.
EndNote İşinibilir M, Okyar A, Öztürk N (July 1, 2017) VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32 3 154–169.
IEEE M. İşinibilir, A. Okyar, and N. Öztürk, “VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 154–169, 2017.
ISNAD İşinibilir, Melek et al. “VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 32/3 (July 2017), 154-169.
JAMA İşinibilir M, Okyar A, Öztürk N. VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS. Aqua Sci Eng. 2017;32:154–169.
MLA İşinibilir, Melek et al. “VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 32, no. 3, 2017, pp. 154-69.
Vancouver İşinibilir M, Okyar A, Öztürk N. VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS. Aqua Sci Eng. 2017;32(3):154-69.

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