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Çinkonun Güney Tıbbi Sülüğü Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 Üzerine Akut Toksisitesi

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 421 - 428, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.874241

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile çinkonun ekotoksikolojik çalışmalarda kullanılmakta olan güney tıbbi sülüğü Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 üzerine akut toksisitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Deneme 96 saat süreli yarı statik biyodeney yöntemiyle iki tekerrürlü yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, sülükler 6,25 mg/L, 12,50 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L ve 200 mg/L’lik çinko konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılmıştır. Deney ve hesaplamalar sonucunda LC50 değerleri 24, 48, 72 ve 96. saatler için sırasıyla 48,30 mg/L, 19,68 mg/L, 15,48 mg/L ve 14,12 mg/L olarak belirlenmiştir. 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L ve 200 mg/L konsantrasyonları için belirlenen LT50 değerleri sırasıyla 38,63 saat, 24,55 saat, 14,62 saat ve 12,78 saat olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çinkoya maruz kalmış sülüklerde dışkılama, aşırı mukus çıkışı, kontrolsüz yüzme, ortamdan uzaklaşma girişimleri, tutunma gücünün zayıflaması, kıvrılma (burkulma), sindirilmiş kanın kusulması, vücutta oluşan deformasyonlar, erkeklik organının dışa sarkması, hemoraji ve vücut duvarında aşınmalar başlıca fizyolojik ve davranışsal tepkileri oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen veriler, diğer organizmalarla kıyaslandığında H. verbana türünün çinko duyarlılığının orta düzeyde olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen verilerin nesli tehlike altında olan tıbbi sülük popülasyonlarının yönetimine katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

References

  • Ayhan, H., & Mollahaliloğlu, S. (2018). Tıbbi sülük tedavisi: Hirudoterapi. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(1), 141-148 (in Turkish).
  • Boardman, R., & McGuire, D.O. (1990). The role of zinc in forestry. I. Zinc in forest environments, ecosystems, and tree nutrition. Forest Ecology and Management, 37(1-3), 167-205.
  • Bulut, C., Çetinkaya, O., Kubilay, A., Akçimen, U., & Ceylan, M. 2013. Acute toxicity of zinc (Cu+2) on sand smelt (Atherina boyeri, Risso, 1810). Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 17(3), 32-38.
  • Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O., Küçükkara, R., & Akçimen, U. (2015). Reproduction efficiency of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(3), 411-418.
  • Ceylan, M., & Çetinkaya, O. (2017). Investigation on the collection and economy of medicinal leeches from wetlands around Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 96-101.
  • Ceylan, M. (2020). Effects of maternal age on reproductive performance of the southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Animal Reproduction Science, 218, 106507.
  • Çetinkaya, O. (2005). Akuatik Toksikoloji: Balık Biyodeneyleri. Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. Karataş M, editör. Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. p. 169-217 (in Turkish).
  • Ebrahimpour, M., Alipour, H., & Rakhshah, S. (2010). Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(6), 361-365.
  • Eisler, R. (1993). Zinc hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. Biological Report 10, Laurel Maryland: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • Ezeonyejiaku, C.D., & Obiakor, M.O. (2011). Toxicological study of single action of zinc on tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 1(4): 139-143.
  • Gödekmerdan, A., Arusan, S., Bayar, B., & Saglam, N. (2011). Medicinal leeches and hirudotherapy. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 35(4), 234-239.
  • Hietanen, B., Sunila, I., & Kristofferson, R. (1988). Toxic effects of zinc on the common mussel Mytilus edulis L.(Bivalvia) in brackish water. 1. Physiological and histopathological studies. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 25, 341-347.
  • Holcombe, G.W., & Andrew, R.W. (1978). The acute toxicity of zinc to rainbow and brook trout: comparisons in hard and soft water. US EPA, EPA-600/3-78-094, Duluth, USA.
  • Huang, W., Cao, L., Shan, X., Xiao, Z., Wang, Q., Dou, S. (2010). Toxic effects of zinc on the development, growth, and survival of red sea bream Pagrus major embryos and larvae. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 58(1), 140-150.
  • Kodama, M., Ogata, T., & Yamamori, K. (1982). Acute toxicity of zinc to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 48(8), 1055-1058.
  • Kori-Siakpere, O., & Ubogu, E.O. (2008). Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes:Clariidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 2068-2073.
  • Kutlu, M., Tanatmış, M., İşcan, A., Ertorun, N., Çalım, M. (2010). Effect of copper on the body wall structures of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19(6), 1186-1190.
  • Kvist, S., Manzano-Marín, A., de Carle, D., Trontelj, P., & Siddall, M. E. (2020). Draft genome of the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudiniformes) with emphasis on anticoagulants. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Lei, C., & Sun, X. (2018). Comparing lethal dose ratios using probit regression with arbitrary slopes. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 19(1), 1-10.
  • Lemke, S., & Vilcinskas, A. (2020). European medicinal leeches—new roles in modern medicine. Biomedicines, 8(5), 99.
  • Lobo, H., Méndez-Fernández, L., Martínez-Madrid, M., Daam, M.A, & Espíndola, E.L. (2016). Acute toxicity of zinc and arsenic to the warmwater aquatic oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi as compared to its coldwater counterpart Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(12), 2766-2774.
  • Mishra, S., Bharagava, R.N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., & Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. In: Sobti R., Arora N., Kothari R. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future. Springer, Singapore.
  • Mumcuoglu, K.Y. (2014). Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 205929.
  • Navarrete, J., Wilson, P., Allsing, N., Gordon, C., Margolis, R., Schwartz, A. V., ... & Sant, K. E. (2021). The ecotoxicological contaminant Tris (4-chlorophenyl) methanol (TCPMOH) impacts embryonic development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology, 235, 105815.
  • Özkul, C. (2008). Effect of industrialization on soil heavy metal concentrations in İzmit (Kocaeli) regions. Journal Applied Earthscience, 7(2), 1-9.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2004). The medicinal leech as a convenient tool for water toxicity assessment. Environmental Toxicology, 19(4), 336-341.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2005). Changes in behavioural and physiological indices of medicinal leech exposed to crude oil. Ekologija, 2005(2), 1-5.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2008a). The use of the medicinal leech (Hirudo sp.) in ecotoxicological and other scientific research - a short review. Lauterbornia, 65, 163-175.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2008b). Lethal effects of Zn, Cu and their mixture on the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana). Ekologija, 54(2), 77-80.
  • Sağlam, N., & Şahin, A. (2006). Acut toxicity of cupper sulphate (CuSO45H2O) on medical leech Hirudo medicinalis L. 1758. Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1/1), 123-125.
  • Sağlam, N. (2011). Protection and sustainability, exportation of some species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 and Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Sağlam, N., Özbay, Ö., Demir, T., Balcı, M., Pala, A., & Kılıç, A. (2018). Effect of water quality on monthly density variation of the endangered southern medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae). Acta Zoological Bulgarica, 70, 433-441.
  • Sağlam, N. (2018). The effects of environmental factors on leeches. Advances in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1), 1-3.
  • Salgueiro, M.J., Zubillaga, M., Lysionek, A., Sarabia, M.I., Caro, R., De Paoli, T., Hager, A., Weill, R., & Boccio, J. (2000). Zinc as an essential micronutrient: a review. Nutrition Research, 20(5), 737-755.
  • Senthil Murugan, S., Karuppasamy, R., Poongodi, K., & Puvaneswari, S. (2008). Bioaccumulation pattern of zinc in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) after chronic exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8(1), 55-59.
  • Shakouri, A., & Wollina, U. (2021). Time to Change Theory; Medical Leech from a Molecular Medicine Perspective Leech Salivary Proteins Playing a Potential Role in Medicine. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 11(2), 261-266.
  • Sobczak, N., & Kantyka, M. (2014). Hirudotherapy in veterinary medicine. Annals of parasitology, 60(2), 89-92. Sönmez, M., & Çetinkaya, O. (2003). Çinko'nun (Zn+2) İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Palas, 1811) Üzerindeki Akut Toksisitesi. XII. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu. 413-418 (in Turkish).
  • Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K., & Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In: Luch A. (eds) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Experientia Supplementum, vol 101. Springer, Basel.
  • Vardy, D.W., Santore, R., Ryan, A., Giesy, J.P., & Hecker, M. (2014). Acute toxicity of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc to early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in laboratory and Columbia River water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(13), 8176-8187.
  • Wicklum, D., Smith, D.E.C., & Davies, R.W. (1997). Mortality, preference, avoidance, and activity of a predatory leech exposed to cadmium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32(2), 178-183.
  • Willis, M. (1979). Analysis of the effects of zinc pollution on the macro-invertebrate populations of the Afon Crafnant, North Wales. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 7(3), 98-109.
  • Zeng, L., Huang, L., Zhao, M., Liu, S., He, Z. (2018). Acute toxicity of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4*7H2O) and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4*5H2O) on freshwater fish, Percocypris pingi. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 9(1), 1000240.

Acute Toxicity of Zinc on Southern Medicinal Leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 421 - 428, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.874241

Abstract

In the present study it was aimed to determine the acute toxicity of zinc on southern medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 that being used in the ecotoxicological studies. The experiment was conducted for 96 hours using the semi-static bioassay method with replicate two times. The leeches were exposed to zinc concentrations of 6.25 mg/L, 12.50 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. As a result of the experiment, the LC50 values for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were determined 48.30 mg/L, 19.68 mg/L, 15.48 mg/L, and 14.12 mg/L, respectively. The LT50 values for 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L zinc concentrations were determined 38.63 hours, 24.55 hours, 14.62 hours, and 12.78 hours, respectively. Defecation, intensive mucus output, uncontrolled swimming, attempt to escape from the experiment media, reducing the cling power, coiling (buckling), vomiting the digestive blood, the body deformations, penile prolapse, hemorrhage and abrasion in the wall of the body were the main physiological and behavioral responses in the leeches which were exposed to the different zinc solutions. The data obtained revealed that the zinc sensitivity of H. verbana was moderate when compared to other organisms. It is expected that the data of the present study will contribute to the management of endangered medicinal leech populations.

References

  • Ayhan, H., & Mollahaliloğlu, S. (2018). Tıbbi sülük tedavisi: Hirudoterapi. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(1), 141-148 (in Turkish).
  • Boardman, R., & McGuire, D.O. (1990). The role of zinc in forestry. I. Zinc in forest environments, ecosystems, and tree nutrition. Forest Ecology and Management, 37(1-3), 167-205.
  • Bulut, C., Çetinkaya, O., Kubilay, A., Akçimen, U., & Ceylan, M. 2013. Acute toxicity of zinc (Cu+2) on sand smelt (Atherina boyeri, Risso, 1810). Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 17(3), 32-38.
  • Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O., Küçükkara, R., & Akçimen, U. (2015). Reproduction efficiency of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(3), 411-418.
  • Ceylan, M., & Çetinkaya, O. (2017). Investigation on the collection and economy of medicinal leeches from wetlands around Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 96-101.
  • Ceylan, M. (2020). Effects of maternal age on reproductive performance of the southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Animal Reproduction Science, 218, 106507.
  • Çetinkaya, O. (2005). Akuatik Toksikoloji: Balık Biyodeneyleri. Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. Karataş M, editör. Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. p. 169-217 (in Turkish).
  • Ebrahimpour, M., Alipour, H., & Rakhshah, S. (2010). Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(6), 361-365.
  • Eisler, R. (1993). Zinc hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. Biological Report 10, Laurel Maryland: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • Ezeonyejiaku, C.D., & Obiakor, M.O. (2011). Toxicological study of single action of zinc on tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 1(4): 139-143.
  • Gödekmerdan, A., Arusan, S., Bayar, B., & Saglam, N. (2011). Medicinal leeches and hirudotherapy. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 35(4), 234-239.
  • Hietanen, B., Sunila, I., & Kristofferson, R. (1988). Toxic effects of zinc on the common mussel Mytilus edulis L.(Bivalvia) in brackish water. 1. Physiological and histopathological studies. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 25, 341-347.
  • Holcombe, G.W., & Andrew, R.W. (1978). The acute toxicity of zinc to rainbow and brook trout: comparisons in hard and soft water. US EPA, EPA-600/3-78-094, Duluth, USA.
  • Huang, W., Cao, L., Shan, X., Xiao, Z., Wang, Q., Dou, S. (2010). Toxic effects of zinc on the development, growth, and survival of red sea bream Pagrus major embryos and larvae. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 58(1), 140-150.
  • Kodama, M., Ogata, T., & Yamamori, K. (1982). Acute toxicity of zinc to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 48(8), 1055-1058.
  • Kori-Siakpere, O., & Ubogu, E.O. (2008). Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes:Clariidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 2068-2073.
  • Kutlu, M., Tanatmış, M., İşcan, A., Ertorun, N., Çalım, M. (2010). Effect of copper on the body wall structures of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19(6), 1186-1190.
  • Kvist, S., Manzano-Marín, A., de Carle, D., Trontelj, P., & Siddall, M. E. (2020). Draft genome of the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudiniformes) with emphasis on anticoagulants. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Lei, C., & Sun, X. (2018). Comparing lethal dose ratios using probit regression with arbitrary slopes. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 19(1), 1-10.
  • Lemke, S., & Vilcinskas, A. (2020). European medicinal leeches—new roles in modern medicine. Biomedicines, 8(5), 99.
  • Lobo, H., Méndez-Fernández, L., Martínez-Madrid, M., Daam, M.A, & Espíndola, E.L. (2016). Acute toxicity of zinc and arsenic to the warmwater aquatic oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi as compared to its coldwater counterpart Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(12), 2766-2774.
  • Mishra, S., Bharagava, R.N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., & Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. In: Sobti R., Arora N., Kothari R. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future. Springer, Singapore.
  • Mumcuoglu, K.Y. (2014). Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 205929.
  • Navarrete, J., Wilson, P., Allsing, N., Gordon, C., Margolis, R., Schwartz, A. V., ... & Sant, K. E. (2021). The ecotoxicological contaminant Tris (4-chlorophenyl) methanol (TCPMOH) impacts embryonic development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology, 235, 105815.
  • Özkul, C. (2008). Effect of industrialization on soil heavy metal concentrations in İzmit (Kocaeli) regions. Journal Applied Earthscience, 7(2), 1-9.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2004). The medicinal leech as a convenient tool for water toxicity assessment. Environmental Toxicology, 19(4), 336-341.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2005). Changes in behavioural and physiological indices of medicinal leech exposed to crude oil. Ekologija, 2005(2), 1-5.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2008a). The use of the medicinal leech (Hirudo sp.) in ecotoxicological and other scientific research - a short review. Lauterbornia, 65, 163-175.
  • Petrauskienè, L. (2008b). Lethal effects of Zn, Cu and their mixture on the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana). Ekologija, 54(2), 77-80.
  • Sağlam, N., & Şahin, A. (2006). Acut toxicity of cupper sulphate (CuSO45H2O) on medical leech Hirudo medicinalis L. 1758. Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1/1), 123-125.
  • Sağlam, N. (2011). Protection and sustainability, exportation of some species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 and Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Sağlam, N., Özbay, Ö., Demir, T., Balcı, M., Pala, A., & Kılıç, A. (2018). Effect of water quality on monthly density variation of the endangered southern medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae). Acta Zoological Bulgarica, 70, 433-441.
  • Sağlam, N. (2018). The effects of environmental factors on leeches. Advances in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1), 1-3.
  • Salgueiro, M.J., Zubillaga, M., Lysionek, A., Sarabia, M.I., Caro, R., De Paoli, T., Hager, A., Weill, R., & Boccio, J. (2000). Zinc as an essential micronutrient: a review. Nutrition Research, 20(5), 737-755.
  • Senthil Murugan, S., Karuppasamy, R., Poongodi, K., & Puvaneswari, S. (2008). Bioaccumulation pattern of zinc in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) after chronic exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8(1), 55-59.
  • Shakouri, A., & Wollina, U. (2021). Time to Change Theory; Medical Leech from a Molecular Medicine Perspective Leech Salivary Proteins Playing a Potential Role in Medicine. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 11(2), 261-266.
  • Sobczak, N., & Kantyka, M. (2014). Hirudotherapy in veterinary medicine. Annals of parasitology, 60(2), 89-92. Sönmez, M., & Çetinkaya, O. (2003). Çinko'nun (Zn+2) İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Palas, 1811) Üzerindeki Akut Toksisitesi. XII. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu. 413-418 (in Turkish).
  • Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K., & Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In: Luch A. (eds) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Experientia Supplementum, vol 101. Springer, Basel.
  • Vardy, D.W., Santore, R., Ryan, A., Giesy, J.P., & Hecker, M. (2014). Acute toxicity of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc to early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in laboratory and Columbia River water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(13), 8176-8187.
  • Wicklum, D., Smith, D.E.C., & Davies, R.W. (1997). Mortality, preference, avoidance, and activity of a predatory leech exposed to cadmium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32(2), 178-183.
  • Willis, M. (1979). Analysis of the effects of zinc pollution on the macro-invertebrate populations of the Afon Crafnant, North Wales. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 7(3), 98-109.
  • Zeng, L., Huang, L., Zhao, M., Liu, S., He, Z. (2018). Acute toxicity of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4*7H2O) and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4*5H2O) on freshwater fish, Percocypris pingi. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 9(1), 1000240.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Ceylan 0000-0002-3283-0637

Osman Çetinkaya 0000-0001-6085-0128

Cafer Bulut 0000-0002-5525-170X

Publication Date September 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O., & Bulut, C. (2021). Acute Toxicity of Zinc on Southern Medicinal Leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.874241